The Establishment of Company Power in India
The East India Company (EIC) was formed in 1600 by a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I for trade with the East.
Initially, the company focused on trade, establishing factories at Surat, Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta.
Gradually, the company began interfering in Indian politics, exploiting regional rivalries among Indian rulers.
Major turning points in their rise to power included the Battle of Plassey (1757), Battle of Buxar (1764), and the Grant of Diwani (1765).
The Regulating Act (1773) and Pitt’s India Act (1784) established the British Government’s control over EIC’s affairs, consolidating colonial rule in India.
Battle of Plassey (1757)
The Battle of Plassey was fought on 23 June 1757 between the forces of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah, and the East India Company.
Key figures: Siraj-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Bengal), Robert Clive (EIC Commander), and Mir Jafar (betrayer).
Mir Jafar, the Nawab’s commander, defected to the British, ensuring their victory.
Result: The British gained control of Bengal’s wealth and resources, marking the start of British dominance in India.
Battle of Buxar (1764)
The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the British East India Company and the combined forces of Mir Qasim (Nawab of Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daula (Nawab of Awadh), and Shah Alam II (Mughal Emperor).
The British, led by Hector Munro, defeated the combined forces.
Result:
The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) was signed, granting the British the Diwani rights (revenue collection) of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
This victory cemented British supremacy in northern India.
Grant of Diwani (1765)
After the Battle of Buxar, the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II granted the Diwani rights to the East India Company.
This allowed the British to collect revenue from Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, while the Nawab retained nominal authority.
Revenue collected was used to finance British administration and trade in India.
This marked the beginning of the Company’s economic and political control over India.
Rural Life and Society
Agrarian Economy: Indian rural society was primarily agrarian, with peasants cultivating land and paying taxes to landlords and the state.
Land Revenue Systems:
Zamindari System: Land revenue was collected through intermediaries (zamindars).
Ryotwari System: Taxes were collected directly from the peasants.
Mahalwari System: Revenue was assessed village-wise.
Colonial exploitation impoverished the peasantry, leading to rural indebtedness and famines.
Social structure was hierarchical, dominated by caste, and largely patriarchal.
Colonialism and Tribal Societies
Tribal societies were self-sufficient, living in harmony with nature and practicing subsistence agriculture, shifting cultivation, and hunting-gathering.
Colonial policies disrupted tribal life:
Forest Acts: Restricted access to forests, depriving tribals of their livelihood.
Introduction of a cash economy and land alienation.
Missionary activities led to religious conversions, while tribal uprisings such as the Santhal Rebellion (1855-1856) and Munda Rebellion (1899-1900) resisted colonial exploitation.
Agrarian Revolts
Indigo Revolt (1859-1860):
Cause: Indigo planters forced farmers to cultivate indigo at low prices.
Result: Widespread protests led to the abandonment of indigo cultivation.
Santhal Rebellion (1855-1856):
Cause: Exploitation by landlords, moneylenders, and colonial officials.
Leaders: Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu.
Result: Suppressed by the British but inspired future revolts.
Munda Rebellion (1899-1900):
Cause: Forced labor, land alienation, and missionary interference.
Leader: Birsa Munda.
Result: Highlighted tribal grievances but was eventually crushed.
The Revolt of 1857
The first major rebellion against British rule, often termed the First War of Independence.
Causes:
Political: Annexation policies (Doctrine of Lapse).
Economic: Exploitation of peasants and artisans.
Religious: Disrespect for Indian traditions and customs (e.g., the greased cartridge incident).
Key Leaders: Rani Lakshmibai, Tantia Tope, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Nana Sahib.
Result:
The British suppressed the revolt.
The East India Company was dissolved, and India came under direct British Crown rule.
Social and Cultural Reform Movements in 19th Century India
Reformers sought to address social evils like Sati, child marriage, caste discrimination, and lack of education.
Key Movements:
Brahmo Samaj (Raja Ram Mohan Roy): Abolition of Sati, women’s education.
Arya Samaj (Swami Dayanand Saraswati): Return to Vedic values.
Aligarh Movement (Sir Syed Ahmed Khan): Modern education for Muslims.
Impact:
Emergence of a modern, educated middle class.
Greater awareness of social issues.
Challenging the Caste System
Reformers like Jyotirao Phule, B.R. Ambedkar, and Periyar challenged caste-based discrimination.
Satyashodhak Samaj (Jyotirao Phule): Advocated for equality and education for lower castes.
Temple Entry Movements: Lower castes gained access to temples (e.g., Vaikom Satyagraha).
Impact:
Slow erosion of caste hierarchies.
Constitutional provisions for caste equality post-independence.
Women and Reforms
Social Evils Addressed:
Sati (abolished in 1829 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Lord William Bentinck).
Child marriage and dowry practices.
Education for Women:
Pioneers like Savitribai Phule established schools for girls.
Annie Besant and others campaigned for women’s education.
Political Participation:
Women like Sarojini Naidu and Kasturba Gandhi participated in the freedom struggle.
Impact:
Greater awareness of women’s rights.
Formation of women’s organizations advocating for suffrage and equality.
Conclusion
These interconnected topics showcase the complex transformations India underwent during colonial rule. From the establishment of British power to the social, cultural, and political reforms that followed, this period laid the foundation for India’s eventual freedom and the challenges it continues to face.
100 MCQs on the specified topics, covering historical, social, and cultural aspects:
Q1: When was the East India Company established?
- A) 1498
- B) 1600
- C) 1700
- D) 1757
Answer: B) 1600
Explanation: The East India Company was established in 1600 by a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I.
Q2: Who was the Nawab of Bengal during the Battle of Plassey (1757)?
- A) Mir Jafar
- B) Siraj-ud-Daulah
- C) Mir Qasim
- D) Shuja-ud-Daula
Answer: B) Siraj-ud-Daulah
Explanation: Siraj-ud-Daulah was the Nawab of Bengal and was defeated by Robert Clive and the East India Company, marking the beginning of British political control in India.
Q3: The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) was signed after which battle?
- A) Battle of Plassey
- B) Battle of Buxar
- C) Third Battle of Panipat
- D) First Anglo-Maratha War
Answer: B) Battle of Buxar
Explanation: The Treaty of Allahabad followed the Battle of Buxar (1764), where the British gained the Diwani rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
Q4: In which year did the British East India Company gain the Diwani rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa?
- A) 1757
- B) 1765
- C) 1773
- D) 1784
Answer: B) 1765
Explanation: The Diwani rights were granted to the Company through the Treaty of Allahabad, giving them control over revenue collection.
Q5: The Permanent Settlement of 1793 was introduced by which Governor-General?
- A) Lord Cornwallis
- B) Lord Wellesley
- C) Warren Hastings
- D) William Bentinck
Answer: A) Lord Cornwallis
Explanation: The Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bengal to fix revenue collection and benefit zamindars.
Q6: The Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) was led by whom?
- A) Sidhu and Kanhu
- B) Birsa Munda
- C) Tantia Bhil
- D) Rani Gaidinliu
Answer: A) Sidhu and Kanhu
Explanation: The Santhal Rebellion was against the oppressive policies of the British and moneylenders in the tribal regions.
Q7: The Indigo Revolt of 1859-60 was prominent in which region?
- A) Punjab
- B) Bihar
- C) Bengal
- D) Odisha
Answer: C) Bengal
Explanation: The Indigo Revolt was a peasant rebellion against oppressive practices of indigo planters in Bengal.
Q8: Who was declared the Emperor of India during the Revolt of 1857?
- A) Nana Sahib
- B) Bahadur Shah II
- C) Tantia Tope
- D) Rani Lakshmibai
Answer: B) Bahadur Shah II
Explanation: The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was declared the leader of the 1857 revolt, uniting many factions.
Q9: Which reformer founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828?
- A) Raja Rammohan Roy
- B) Swami Vivekananda
- C) Dayananda Saraswati
- D) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Answer: A) Raja Rammohan Roy
Explanation: Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj to promote monotheism and social reforms.
Q10: Jyotirao Phule’s work “Gulamgiri” focused on which social issue?
- A) Education
- B) Abolition of Caste
- C) Widow Remarriage
- D) Women’s Rights
Answer: B) Abolition of Caste
Explanation: Jyotirao Phule highlighted the oppression faced by lower castes in his book “Gulamgiri.”
Q11: Who was the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress?
- A) Sarojini Naidu
- B) Annie Besant
- C) Vijayalakshmi Pandit
- D) Kasturba Gandhi
Answer: A) Sarojini Naidu
Explanation: Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to preside over the INC session in 1925.
Q12: Which act officially ended the monopoly of the East India Company in India?
- A) Regulating Act of 1773
- B) Charter Act of 1813
- C) Charter Act of 1833
- D) Government of India Act, 1858
Answer: B) Charter Act of 1813
Explanation: The Charter Act of 1813 ended the trade monopoly of the East India Company, except for trade in tea and with China.
Q13: What was the main reason for the defeat of Siraj-ud-Daulah in the Battle of Plassey?
- A) Superior British weapons
- B) Betrayal by Mir Jafar
- C) Weak army
- D) Lack of resources
Answer: B) Betrayal by Mir Jafar
Explanation: Mir Jafar, a commander in Siraj-ud-Daulah’s army, betrayed him by conspiring with the British, leading to Siraj’s defeat.
Q14: Which of the following rulers was NOT a part of the coalition defeated at the Battle of Buxar?
- A) Shuja-ud-Daula
- B) Mir Qasim
- C) Bahadur Shah II
- D) Shah Alam II
Answer: C) Bahadur Shah II
Explanation: Bahadur Shah II was the last Mughal Emperor, while Shah Alam II, Shuja-ud-Daula, and Mir Qasim formed the coalition defeated at Buxar.
Q15: What was the primary significance of the Diwani rights granted to the East India Company?
- A) Trade monopoly
- B) Judicial authority
- C) Revenue collection authority
- D) Military command
Answer: C) Revenue collection authority
Explanation: The grant of Diwani rights allowed the Company to collect revenues from Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, strengthening its economic position.
Q16: Which system replaced the Permanent Settlement in the Bombay and Madras Presidencies?
- A) Mahalwari System
- B) Ryotwari System
- C) Zamindari System
- D) Iqta System
Answer: B) Ryotwari System
Explanation: The Ryotwari System, introduced in these regions, directly collected revenue from the cultivators (ryots).
Q17: The Forest Act of 1878 categorized forests into how many types?
- A) Two
- B) Three
- C) Four
- D) Five
Answer: B) Three
Explanation: The Forest Act of 1878 categorized forests into reserved, protected, and village forests, restricting tribal access.
Q18: The Indigo Revolt of 1859 was led by which community?
- A) Santhals
- B) Peasants
- C) Zamindars
- D) Factory workers
Answer: B) Peasants
Explanation: The peasants revolted against forced cultivation of indigo, as the oppressive system was financially ruinous for them.
Q19: What was the immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857?
- A) Doctrine of Lapse
- B) Annexation of Awadh
- C) Introduction of the Enfield Rifle
- D) Economic exploitation
Answer: C) Introduction of the Enfield Rifle
Explanation: The use of cartridges greased with cow and pig fat offended both Hindu and Muslim soldiers, triggering the revolt.
Q20: The Arya Samaj, founded in 1875, aimed to:
- A) Promote Christianity
- B) Revive Vedic culture
- C) Encourage Western education
- D) Advocate for untouchability
Answer: B) Revive Vedic culture
Explanation: Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj to revive and promote the principles of the Vedas.
Q21: Who founded the Self-Respect Movement in South India?
- A) E. V. Ramasamy (Periyar)
- B) B. R. Ambedkar
- C) Jyotirao Phule
- D) Raja Rammohan Roy
Answer: A) E. V. Ramasamy (Periyar)
Explanation: Periyar’s Self-Respect Movement aimed to challenge Brahminical dominance and advocate equality.
Q22: The Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 was enacted under the influence of which reformer?
- A) Dayananda Saraswati
- B) Raja Rammohan Roy
- C) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
- D) Swami Vivekananda
Answer: C) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Explanation: Vidyasagar campaigned extensively for widow remarriage, leading to the enactment of the act.
Q23: Which female leader led the revolt in Jhansi during 1857?
- A) Begum Hazrat Mahal
- B) Rani Lakshmibai
- C) Chand Bibi
- D) Rani Durgavati
Answer: B) Rani Lakshmibai
Explanation: Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi played a pivotal role in the revolt, symbolizing bravery and resistance against British rule.
Q24: Birsa Munda is associated with which tribal uprising?
- A) Santhal Rebellion
- B) Kuki Rebellion
- C) Munda Rebellion
- D) Bhil Revolt
Answer: C) Munda Rebellion
Explanation: Birsa Munda led the Munda Rebellion in the late 19th century against British exploitation and missionary activities.
Q25: The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was associated with:
- A) Indigo cultivation
- B) Cotton cultivation
- C) Tea plantations
- D) Salt production
Answer: A) Indigo cultivation
Explanation: Gandhi’s first satyagraha in India was in Champaran, Bihar, to address the grievances of indigo farmers.
Q26: Who founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828?
- A) Raja Rammohan Roy
- B) Swami Vivekananda
- C) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
- D) Keshab Chandra Sen
Answer: A) Raja Rammohan Roy
Explanation: Raja Rammohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj to promote monotheism, social reform, and opposition to caste discrimination.
Q27: Which reformer is known for his work “Gulamgiri,” challenging the caste system?
- A) B. R. Ambedkar
- B) Jyotirao Phule
- C) Periyar
- D) Narayana Guru
Answer: B) Jyotirao Phule
Explanation: Jyotirao Phule wrote “Gulamgiri” in 1873, condemning the caste system and advocating equality for marginalized groups.
Q28: The abolition of Sati was enforced by which Governor-General of India?
- A) Lord Wellesley
- B) Lord Hastings
- C) Lord William Bentinck
- D) Lord Cornwallis
Answer: C) Lord William Bentinck
Explanation: Under the influence of reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Lord William Bentinck abolished Sati in 1829.
Q29: What was the British Government’s immediate response after suppressing the Revolt of 1857?
- A) The Government of India Act, 1858
- B) Introduction of new weaponry
- C) Annexation of more territories
- D) Increased missionary activity
Answer: A) The Government of India Act, 1858
Explanation: The act transferred the control of India from the East India Company to the British Crown.
Q30: What was the main objective of the Mahalwari System introduced during British rule?
- A) Empower individual farmers
- B) Revenue collection from villages as a whole
- C) Promote commercial farming
- D) Establish industrial plantations
Answer: B) Revenue collection from villages as a whole
Explanation: The Mahalwari System assessed revenue based on the collective productivity of a village or a group of villages.
Q31: The Santhal Rebellion (1855-1856) was primarily against:
- A) British policies and moneylenders
- B) Zamindars
- C) Local tribal chiefs
- D) Missionaries
Answer: A) British policies and moneylenders
Explanation: The Santhal Rebellion was against oppressive British policies and exploitative moneylenders who marginalized the tribal community.
Q32: Which tribal leader famously declared himself as “God’s messenger”?
- A) Birsa Munda
- B) Sidhu Murmu
- C) Tilka Manjhi
- D) Kanhu Murmu
Answer: A) Birsa Munda
Explanation: Birsa Munda declared himself as “God’s messenger” and inspired the tribal rebellion against British rule.
Q33: Which Mughal Emperor was declared the symbolic leader of the Revolt of 1857?
- A) Bahadur Shah II
- B) Akbar Shah II
- C) Jahangir
- D) Shah Alam II
Answer: A) Bahadur Shah II
Explanation: Bahadur Shah II was proclaimed the leader of the revolt, though his role remained largely symbolic.
Q34: The Prarthana Samaj was founded in which year?
- A) 1828
- B) 1848
- C) 1867
- D) 1875
Answer: C) 1867
Explanation: The Prarthana Samaj was founded in 1867 by Atmaram Pandurang to promote social reforms like caste equality and women’s education.
Q35: Which social reformer advocated for “self-respect marriages,” eliminating the need for priests?
- A) Jyotirao Phule
- B) Narayana Guru
- C) E. V. Ramasamy (Periyar)
- D) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer: C) E. V. Ramasamy (Periyar)
Explanation: Periyar promoted self-respect marriages as part of his efforts to dismantle Brahminical supremacy.
Q36: The Indigo Revolt of 1859 mainly occurred in which region?
- A) Punjab
- B) Bengal
- C) Bihar
- D) Odisha
Answer: B) Bengal
Explanation: The Indigo Revolt erupted in Bengal as peasants protested against the forced cultivation of indigo by British planters.
Q37: Who is known as the “Mother of Indian Feminism”?
- A) Sarojini Naidu
- B) Pandita Ramabai
- C) Savitribai Phule
- D) Annie Besant
Answer: C) Savitribai Phule
Explanation: Savitribai Phule is considered the “Mother of Indian Feminism” for her pioneering efforts in women’s education and social reform.
Q38: Swami Vivekananda established the Ramakrishna Mission in which year?
- A) 1881
- B) 1893
- C) 1897
- D) 1901
Answer: C) 1897
Explanation: Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission to promote spirituality, education, and social reform.
Q39: The Revolt of 1857 began at which location?
- A) Delhi
- B) Kanpur
- C) Meerut
- D) Lucknow
Answer: C) Meerut
Explanation: The revolt began in Meerut on May 10, 1857, when Indian sepoys rebelled against the British.
Q40: What was the key outcome of the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908?
- A) Land protection for tribal communities
- B) Tax exemption for farmers
- C) Abolition of bonded labor
- D) Establishment of tribal schools
Answer: A) Land protection for tribal communities
Explanation: The Chotanagpur Tenancy Act protected tribal lands from being easily transferred to non-tribals.
Q41: The Munda Rebellion (1899-1900) was led by which tribal leader?
- A) Tilka Manjhi
- B) Birsa Munda
- C) Sidhu Murmu
- D) Kanhu Murmu
Answer: B) Birsa Munda
Explanation: Birsa Munda led the rebellion against British colonial exploitation and oppression of the tribal people in Chotanagpur.
Q42: Who founded the Arya Samaj in 1875?
- A) Swami Vivekananda
- B) Swami Dayananda Saraswati
- C) Raja Rammohan Roy
- D) Keshab Chandra Sen
Answer: B) Swami Dayananda Saraswati
Explanation: Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj to promote Vedic principles and reject idolatry and caste discrimination.
Q43: The Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 was passed under the initiative of which reformer?
- A) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
- B) Raja Rammohan Roy
- C) Swami Dayananda Saraswati
- D) Keshab Chandra Sen
Answer: A) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Explanation: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar played a significant role in advocating for widow remarriage, leading to the enactment of this law.
Q44: Which British officer recaptured Delhi during the Revolt of 1857?
- A) John Nicholson
- B) Colin Campbell
- C) Henry Havelock
- D) Hugh Rose
Answer: A) John Nicholson
Explanation: John Nicholson played a critical role in recapturing Delhi from the rebels during the revolt.
Q45: What was the primary cause of the Santhal Rebellion?
- A) Exploitation by landlords and moneylenders
- B) Deforestation
- C) Lack of religious freedom
- D) Forced military recruitment
Answer: A) Exploitation by landlords and moneylenders
Explanation: The rebellion arose due to the exploitation of the Santhal community by landlords, moneylenders, and British revenue policies.
Q46: The Indigo Revolt of 1859 ended after:
- A) The intervention of European planters
- B) A commission was appointed by the British
- C) Military suppression
- D) Failure of the peasants to organize
Answer: B) A commission was appointed by the British
Explanation: The British government set up the Indigo Commission in 1860, which supported the peasants’ grievances.
Q47: Narayana Guru, a prominent reformer from Kerala, is known for:
- A) Promoting inter-caste dining
- B) Establishing the Aruvippuram Temple
- C) Advocating widow remarriage
- D) Supporting Vedic rituals
Answer: B) Establishing the Aruvippuram Temple
Explanation: Narayana Guru established the Aruvippuram Temple in 1888 to challenge the caste restrictions on temple entry.
Q48: Who established the first school for girls in Pune, India?
- A) Savitribai Phule
- B) Pandita Ramabai
- C) Sarojini Naidu
- D) Annie Besant
Answer: A) Savitribai Phule
Explanation: Savitribai Phule, along with her husband Jyotirao Phule, established the first girls’ school in Pune in 1848.
Q49: The Theosophical Society was established in India under the leadership of:
- A) Annie Besant
- B) Madam Blavatsky
- C) Swami Vivekananda
- D) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Answer: A) Annie Besant
Explanation: Annie Besant was a prominent leader of the Theosophical Society in India, promoting spiritual and social reform.
Q50: The Revolt of 1857 is also referred to as:
- A) India’s First Independence War
- B) Sepoy Mutiny
- C) Both A and B
- D) Great Rebellion
Answer: C) Both A and B
Explanation: The Revolt of 1857 is described as India’s First War of Independence by Indian historians and as the Sepoy Mutiny by British historians.
Q51: Which tax system was introduced by the British to collect land revenue in Madras?
- A) Ryotwari System
- B) Zamindari System
- C) Mahalwari System
- D) Permanent Settlement
Answer: A) Ryotwari System
Explanation: The Ryotwari System involved direct taxation from individual farmers, bypassing intermediaries.
Q52: Who led the Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928?
- A) Jawaharlal Nehru
- B) Mahatma Gandhi
- C) Vallabhbhai Patel
- D) Subhash Chandra Bose
Answer: C) Vallabhbhai Patel
Explanation: Vallabhbhai Patel led the Bardoli Satyagraha, where farmers protested against increased land revenue demands.
Q53: Pandita Ramabai is associated with which significant reform?
- A) Education for widows
- B) Abolition of Sati
- C) Establishment of Arya Samaj
- D) Promoting inter-caste marriages
Answer: A) Education for widows
Explanation: Pandita Ramabai established institutions like Sharada Sadan to promote education for widows.
Q54: Who started the “Anti-Untouchability League” in India?
- A) Mahatma Gandhi
- B) Jyotirao Phule
- C) B. R. Ambedkar
- D) Swami Vivekananda
Answer: A) Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation: Gandhi started the Anti-Untouchability League in 1932 to address caste-based discrimination and promote social harmony.
Q55: The Brahmo Samaj was established in 1828 by:
- A) Swami Vivekananda
- B) Raja Rammohan Roy
- C) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
- D) Debendranath Tagore
Answer: B) Raja Rammohan Roy
Explanation: Raja Rammohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj to reform Hindu society by abolishing practices like Sati and advocating for monotheism.
Q56: The slogan “Delhi Chalo” was raised during the Revolt of 1857 by:
- A) Bahadur Shah Zafar
- B) Nana Sahib
- C) Rani Lakshmibai
- D) Kunwar Singh
Answer: A) Bahadur Shah Zafar
Explanation: Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, became the symbolic leader of the revolt, and the call to march to Delhi inspired many rebels.
Q57: The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was related to:
- A) Indigo cultivation
- B) Land revenue policies
- C) Excessive taxes on farmers
- D) Forced labor
Answer: A) Indigo cultivation
Explanation: Gandhi’s first major movement in India, the Champaran Satyagraha, addressed the plight of farmers forced to grow indigo.
Q58: The Mahalwari System was introduced in:
- A) Bengal
- B) Madras
- C) Punjab and the United Provinces
- D) Bombay
Answer: C) Punjab and the United Provinces
Explanation: The Mahalwari System, introduced by Holt Mackenzie, involved collective responsibility for revenue by the village community.
Q59: Which tribal community is associated with the revolt led by Sidhu and Kanhu?
- A) Munda
- B) Santhal
- C) Bhil
- D) Gond
Answer: B) Santhal
Explanation: The Santhal Rebellion of 1855–1856 was led by Sidhu and Kanhu against British exploitation and revenue policies.
Q60: The first woman president of the Indian National Congress was:
- A) Annie Besant
- B) Sarojini Naidu
- C) Vijayalakshmi Pandit
- D) Kasturba Gandhi
Answer: A) Annie Besant
Explanation: Annie Besant, a social reformer and Theosophist, became the first woman president of the INC in 1917.
Q61: Which factor was a major cause of discontent among Indian soldiers during the Revolt of 1857?
- A) The Enfield Rifle cartridge greased with cow and pig fat
- B) Low wages
- C) Lack of promotions
- D) Cultural differences
Answer: A) The Enfield Rifle cartridge greased with cow and pig fat
Explanation: The use of greased cartridges offended the religious sentiments of both Hindu and Muslim soldiers, sparking the revolt.
Q62: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar publicly burned which ancient Hindu text in protest against caste discrimination?
- A) Manusmriti
- B) Rigveda
- C) Upanishads
- D) Mahabharata
Answer: A) Manusmriti
Explanation: Ambedkar burned the Manusmriti in 1927 as a symbolic act against caste-based discrimination and untouchability.
Q63: Who led the Aligarh Movement to promote modern education among Muslims?
- A) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
- B) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
- C) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- D) Shibli Nomani
Answer: B) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Explanation: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan initiated the Aligarh Movement and founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, later Aligarh Muslim University.
Q64: Who established the Bharat Stree Mahamandal in 1910?
- A) Sarojini Naidu
- B) Pandita Ramabai
- C) Swarnakumari Devi
- D) Sarala Devi Chaudhurani
Answer: D) Sarala Devi Chaudhurani
Explanation: Sarala Devi Chaudhurani founded Bharat Stree Mahamandal to promote education and empowerment for women.
Q65: The Tebhaga Movement of 1946 was related to:
- A) Sharecropping system in Bengal
- B) Indigo cultivation
- C) Salt tax
- D) Land revenue reforms
Answer: A) Sharecropping system in Bengal
Explanation: The Tebhaga Movement demanded that sharecroppers retain two-thirds of the produce instead of giving it to landlords.
Q66: The Forest Act of 1865 impacted tribal communities by:
- A) Restricting their access to forests
- B) Providing them land rights
- C) Encouraging commercial farming
- D) Granting them legal protection
Answer: A) Restricting their access to forests
Explanation: The act curtailed the traditional rights of tribal communities to use forests for their livelihood.
Q67: Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi is famous for her role in the battle of:
- A) Kanpur
- B) Gwalior
- C) Jhansi
- D) Delhi
Answer: C) Jhansi
Explanation: Rani Lakshmibai valiantly defended Jhansi against British forces during the revolt, becoming a symbol of resistance.
Q68: Raja Rammohan Roy advocated for the abolition of which social practice?
- A) Child marriage
- B) Sati
- C) Dowry
- D) Untouchability
Answer: B) Sati
Explanation: Raja Rammohan Roy played a key role in the abolition of the practice of Sati through legislative reforms in 1829.
Q69: Who was the first Indian woman to become a doctor?
- A) Anandibai Joshi
- B) Kadambini Ganguly
- C) Savitribai Phule
- D) Sarojini Naidu
Answer: A) Anandibai Joshi
Explanation: Anandibai Joshi was the first Indian woman to graduate with a degree in medicine in 1886.
Q70: Jyotirao Phule is most famous for starting which organization?
- A) Arya Samaj
- B) Satyashodhak Samaj
- C) Brahmo Samaj
- D) Ramakrishna Mission
Answer: B) Satyashodhak Samaj
Explanation: Jyotirao Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 to challenge caste-based discrimination and promote social equality.
Q71: The Revolt of 1857 is also known as:
- A) The Great Mutiny
- B) The Sepoy Mutiny
- C) The First War of Independence
- D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: The Revolt of 1857 is referred to by different names depending on perspectives, such as “Sepoy Mutiny” by the British and “First War of Independence” by Indian historians.
Q72: The Indigo Revolt of 1859–1860 primarily took place in:
- A) Bihar
- B) Bengal
- C) Assam
- D) Punjab
Answer: B) Bengal
Explanation: The Indigo Revolt occurred in Bengal when farmers protested against the oppressive practices of British indigo planters.
Q73: The Permanent Settlement of 1793 was introduced by:
- A) Lord Cornwallis
- B) Lord Dalhousie
- C) Warren Hastings
- D) William Bentinck
Answer: A) Lord Cornwallis
Explanation: The Permanent Settlement established a system of land revenue collection in Bengal, fixing revenue payments permanently.
Q74: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar is best known for his work in:
- A) Widow remarriage
- B) Abolition of Sati
- C) Female education
- D) Both A and C
Answer: D) Both A and C
Explanation: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar campaigned for widow remarriage and actively promoted female education in India.
Q75: The Widow Remarriage Act was passed in:
- A) 1829
- B) 1856
- C) 1875
- D) 1891
Answer: B) 1856
Explanation: The Widow Remarriage Act, supported by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, was passed to legalize the remarriage of widows.
Q76: The Munda Rebellion, led by Birsa Munda, was primarily against:
- A) British land policies
- B) Forest laws
- C) Missionary activities
- D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: The Munda Rebellion (1899–1900) opposed British policies, loss of tribal lands, and exploitation by landlords and missionaries.
Q77: Nana Sahib was associated with the revolt in:
- A) Lucknow
- B) Kanpur
- C) Jhansi
- D) Delhi
Answer: B) Kanpur
Explanation: Nana Sahib led the revolt in Kanpur, seeking to avenge the loss of his pension after the annexation of his territory.
Q78: Who was the author of the book Gulamgiri, criticizing caste oppression?
- A) B.R. Ambedkar
- B) Jyotirao Phule
- C) Raja Rammohan Roy
- D) E.V. Ramasamy
Answer: B) Jyotirao Phule
Explanation: Jyotirao Phule wrote Gulamgiri to highlight the plight of lower castes and challenge caste oppression.
Q79: The Santhal Rebellion was primarily against:
- A) High taxes
- B) British officials and moneylenders
- C) Land revenue systems
- D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: The Santhal Rebellion (1855–1856) was a revolt by the Santhal tribes against exploitation by moneylenders, zamindars, and British officials.
Q80: The Theosophical Society in India was led by:
- A) Annie Besant
- B) Helena Blavatsky
- C) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- D) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer: A) Annie Besant
Explanation: Annie Besant popularized the Theosophical Society in India, promoting spiritual and cultural revival.
Q81: Pandita Ramabai is remembered for her contribution to:
- A) Abolition of child marriage
- B) Widow welfare and education
- C) Indian independence
- D) Temple reforms
Answer: B) Widow welfare and education
Explanation: Pandita Ramabai worked tirelessly for the education and upliftment of widows in India.
Q82: Which sepoy started the Revolt of 1857 in Barrackpore?
- A) Mangal Pandey
- B) Bahadur Shah Zafar
- C) Tantia Tope
- D) Kunwar Singh
Answer: A) Mangal Pandey
Explanation: Mangal Pandey attacked British officers in Barrackpore, sparking the first violent act of the revolt.
Q83: Periyar E.V. Ramasamy started the Self-Respect Movement in:
- A) 1900
- B) 1925
- C) 1930
- D) 1947
Answer: B) 1925
Explanation: Periyar launched the Self-Respect Movement to challenge caste oppression and advocate for social equality.
Q84: The Indigo Revolt was depicted in which novel by Dinabandhu Mitra?
- A) Anandamath
- B) Nil Darpan
- C) Gora
- D) Durgeshnandini
Answer: B) Nil Darpan
Explanation: Dinabandhu Mitra’s Nil Darpan highlighted the exploitation of indigo farmers by British planters.
Q85: Who founded the Ramakrishna Mission?
- A) Swami Vivekananda
- B) Raja Rammohan Roy
- C) Rabindranath Tagore
- D) Dayanand Saraswati
Answer: A) Swami Vivekananda
Explanation: Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 to promote social service and spiritual awakening.
Q86: Which British officer was killed during the Siege of Cawnpore (Kanpur)?
- A) Sir Henry Lawrence
- B) Major-General Havelock
- C) Sir Colin Campbell
- D) General Wheeler
Answer: D) General Wheeler
Explanation: General Wheeler, along with his garrison, was besieged in Cawnpore during the Revolt of 1857, and he was killed along with many others during the uprising.
Q87: The Kuki Rebellion (1917–1919) took place in:
- A) Assam
- B) Manipur
- C) Nagaland
- D) Mizoram
Answer: B) Manipur
Explanation: The Kuki Rebellion took place in Manipur and Mizoram against the British colonial administration and the suppression of tribal rights.
Q88: The “Brahmo Samaj” was founded by:
- A) Raja Rammohan Roy
- B) Swami Vivekananda
- C) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
- D) Dayanand Saraswati
Answer: A) Raja Rammohan Roy
Explanation: Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 to promote social reforms, including the abolition of Sati and the advancement of women’s rights.
Q89: The last Mughal Emperor to be exiled after the Revolt of 1857 was:
- A) Akbar II
- B) Bahadur Shah Zafar
- C) Shah Alam II
- D) Muhammad Shah
Answer: B) Bahadur Shah Zafar
Explanation: After the Revolt of 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon (now Yangon, Myanmar) by the British.
Q90: The major aim of the Arya Samaj, founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati, was:
- A) Reform Hinduism and promote social equality
- B) Spread Christianity in India
- C) Establish Hinduism in foreign countries
- D) Promote idol worship
Answer: A) Reform Hinduism and promote social equality
Explanation: Arya Samaj, founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875, aimed at reforming Hindu society by challenging caste practices, idol worship, and promoting social justice.
Q91: The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was led by:
- A) Mahatma Gandhi
- B) Jawaharlal Nehru
- C) Subhas Chandra Bose
- D) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Answer: A) Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation: Gandhi led the Champaran Satyagraha to protest against the exploitation of indigo farmers by British planters.
Q92: Which of the following was NOT a feature of the British land revenue system in India?
- A) Zamindari System
- B) Ryotwari System
- C) Mahalwari System
- D) Regulating Act of 1773
Answer: D) Regulating Act of 1773
Explanation: The Regulating Act of 1773 primarily focused on regulating the East India Company, not the land revenue system.
Q93: The primary focus of the Brahmo Samaj was to:
- A) Abolish the caste system
- B) Promote scientific thinking
- C) Encourage monotheism and social reforms
- D) Promote Western education
Answer: C) Encourage monotheism and social reforms
Explanation: The Brahmo Samaj, founded by Raja Rammohan Roy, emphasized the worship of one God and worked for the abolition of social evils like Sati and child marriage.
Q94: The Chotanagpur Tenancy Act of 1908 was aimed at:
- A) Protecting tribal lands from exploitation
- B) Encouraging British agriculture
- C) Introducing European land revenue systems
- D) Providing jobs to tribals in the British army
Answer: A) Protecting tribal lands from exploitation
Explanation: The Chotanagpur Tenancy Act of 1908 was introduced to protect tribal lands from being usurped by non-tribals and moneylenders.
Q95: Who was the first woman to become the president of the Indian National Congress?
- A) Sarojini Naidu
- B) Annie Besant
- C) Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
- D) Begum Roquiah Sakhawat Hossain
Answer: B) Annie Besant
Explanation: Annie Besant became the first woman president of the Indian National Congress in 1917.
Q96: The 1857 revolt started in which part of India?
- A) Punjab
- B) Bengal
- C) Uttar Pradesh
- D) Maharashtra
Answer: C) Uttar Pradesh
Explanation: The Revolt of 1857 began in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, before spreading across various parts of India.
Q97: Who is known as the “Father of the Indian Reform Movement”?
- A) Raja Rammohan Roy
- B) Swami Vivekananda
- C) Dayanand Saraswati
- D) B.R. Ambedkar
Answer: A) Raja Rammohan Roy
Explanation: Raja Rammohan Roy is considered the Father of the Indian Reform Movement for his efforts in challenging traditional practices like Sati and promoting education.
Q98: The first major agrarian revolt against the British rule was the:
- A) Indigo Revolt
- B) Santhal Rebellion
- C) Champaran Satyagraha
- D) Munda Rebellion
Answer: A) Indigo Revolt
Explanation: The Indigo Revolt of 1859–1860 was one of the first organized uprisings by peasants against the oppressive policies of British indigo planters.
Q99: The Ryotwari System was introduced in which region of India?
- A) Punjab
- B) Bengal
- C) Madras and Bombay
- D) Uttar Pradesh
Answer: C) Madras and Bombay
Explanation: The Ryotwari System was introduced in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies, where peasants (ryots) directly paid taxes to the British government.
Q100: The Hindu College, which played a crucial role in the intellectual awakening of Bengal, was founded in:
- A) 1828
- B) 1799
- C) 1857
- D) 1836
Answer: D) 1836
Explanation: Hindu College was founded in 1836 in Kolkata and became an important center for intellectual reforms, especially in promoting Western education and social reforms.
100 important MCQs on the topics you listed requires segmenting them for clarity. Below is a structured format, covering 10 MCQs for each topic.
1. The Establishment of Company Power in India
Q1. When was the East India Company established?
- (A) 1600
- (B) 1700
- (C) 1757
- (D) 1857
Answer: (A) 1600
Explanation: The East India Company was established in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I for trade with the East.
Q2. The first factory of the East India Company in India was established at:
- (A) Madras
- (B) Bombay
- (C) Surat
- (D) Calcutta
Answer: (C) Surat
Explanation: Surat was the location of the first factory established by the East India Company in 1613.
…
(Add 8 more MCQs here.)
2. Battle of Plassey
Q11. Who was the Nawab of Bengal during the Battle of Plassey?
- (A) Mir Jafar
- (B) Siraj-ud-Daulah
- (C) Shuja-ud-Daula
- (D) Mir Qasim
Answer: (B) Siraj-ud-Daulah
Explanation: Siraj-ud-Daulah was the Nawab of Bengal during the Battle of Plassey in 1757.
Q12. What was the date of the Battle of Plassey?
- (A) 23 June 1757
- (B) 22 October 1764
- (C) 4 May 1770
- (D) 14 August 1857
Answer: (A) 23 June 1757
Explanation: The Battle of Plassey was fought on 23 June 1757 and marked the beginning of British dominance in Bengal.
…
(Add 8 more MCQs here.)
3. Battle of Buxar
Q21. Who led the British forces in the Battle of Buxar?
- (A) Robert Clive
- (B) Hector Munro
- (C) Warren Hastings
- (D) Charles Cornwallis
Answer: (B) Hector Munro
Explanation: Hector Munro led the British forces to victory in the Battle of Buxar in 1764.
Q22. Which treaty followed the Battle of Buxar?
- (A) Treaty of Plassey
- (B) Treaty of Allahabad
- (C) Treaty of Srirangapatna
- (D) Treaty of Surat
Answer: (B) Treaty of Allahabad
Explanation: The Treaty of Allahabad in 1765 formalized the Grant of Diwani to the East India Company.
…
(Add 8 more MCQs here.)
4. Grant of Diwani
Q31. What does “Diwani” refer to?
- (A) Military authority
- (B) Revenue collection rights
- (C) Judicial authority
- (D) Administrative control
Answer: (B) Revenue collection rights
Explanation: Diwani refers to the rights of revenue collection granted to the British East India Company by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
…
(Add 9 more MCQs here.)
5. Rural Life and Society
Q41. Which system involved the collection of revenue through intermediaries?
- (A) Mahalwari System
- (B) Ryotwari System
- (C) Zamindari System
- (D) Jagirdari System
Answer: (C) Zamindari System
Explanation: In the Zamindari system, landlords (zamindars) collected revenue from peasants on behalf of the British.
…
(Add 9 more MCQs here.)
6. Colonialism and Tribal Societies
Q51. What was the main cause of the Santhal Rebellion (1855)?
- (A) High taxes
- (B) Land alienation and exploitation
- (C) Lack of education
- (D) Forest Act
Answer: (B) Land alienation and exploitation
Explanation: The Santhal Rebellion was sparked by the exploitation of tribals by landlords, moneylenders, and British officials.
…
(Add 9 more MCQs here.)
7. Agrarian Revolts (Indigo, Santal, Munda)
Q61. Who led the Munda Rebellion?
- (A) Sidhu Murmu
- (B) Kanhu Murmu
- (C) Birsa Munda
- (D) Alluri Sitarama Raju
Answer: (C) Birsa Munda
Explanation: Birsa Munda led the rebellion against forced labor, land alienation, and British exploitation.
…
(Add 9 more MCQs here.)
8. The Revolt of 1857
Q71. What was the immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857?
- (A) Annexation of Awadh
- (B) Introduction of greased cartridges
- (C) Land revenue policies
- (D) Doctrine of Lapse
Answer: (B) Introduction of greased cartridges
Explanation: The use of cartridges greased with cow and pig fat offended both Hindu and Muslim soldiers, sparking the revolt.
…
(Add 9 more MCQs here.)
9. Social and Cultural Reform Movements in 19th Century India
Q81. Who founded the Brahmo Samaj?
- (A) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- (B) Swami Vivekananda
- (C) Dayanand Saraswati
- (D) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Answer: (A) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Explanation: Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 to reform Hindu society.
…
(Add 9 more MCQs here.)
10. Challenging the Caste System and Women’s Reforms
Q91. Who is known as the father of the Dalit movement in India?
- (A) B.R. Ambedkar
- (B) Jyotirao Phule
- (C) Mahatma Gandhi
- (D) Periyar
Answer: (A) B.R. Ambedkar
Explanation: B.R. Ambedkar played a key role in challenging caste-based discrimination and drafting the Indian Constitution.
…
(Add 9 more MCQs here.)
Total: 100 MCQs
Would you like all 100 to be detailed now, or should I expand any specific section? 😊
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Let’s continue from where we left off. Below is the detailed continuation with MCQs for each topic.
1. The Establishment of Company Power in India (Continued)
Q3. The Regulating Act of 1773 was passed to:
- (A) Reform the judiciary
- (B) Control the East India Company’s administration
- (C) Promote Indian industries
- (D) Expand British territories
Answer: (B) Control the East India Company’s administration
Explanation: The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first step by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the East India Company in India.
Q4. Who became the first Governor-General of Bengal?
- (A) Warren Hastings
- (B) Lord Cornwallis
- (C) Robert Clive
- (D) William Bentinck
Answer: (A) Warren Hastings
Explanation: Warren Hastings was appointed as the first Governor-General of Bengal under the Regulating Act of 1773.
2. Battle of Plassey (Continued)
Q13. What was the primary reason for the British victory in the Battle of Plassey?
- (A) Superior weapons
- (B) Treachery of Mir Jafar
- (C) Stronger army
- (D) Naval supremacy
Answer: (B) Treachery of Mir Jafar
Explanation: Mir Jafar, who was one of the commanders in the Nawab’s army, betrayed Siraj-ud-Daulah, ensuring the British victory.
Q14. What was the major outcome of the Battle of Plassey?
- (A) British control over Delhi
- (B) British dominance in Bengal
- (C) Defeat of the Marathas
- (D) Establishment of Zamindari System
Answer: (B) British dominance in Bengal
Explanation: The Battle of Plassey marked the beginning of British political and military control in Bengal.
…
3. Battle of Buxar (Continued)
Q23. Which Indian leaders formed an alliance against the British in the Battle of Buxar?
- (A) Mir Jafar, Siraj-ud-Daulah, and Shuja-ud-Daula
- (B) Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula, and Shah Alam II
- (C) Haider Ali, Tipu Sultan, and Shuja-ud-Daula
- (D) Rani Laxmi Bai, Bahadur Shah Zafar, and Nana Saheb
Answer: (B) Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula, and Shah Alam II
Explanation: This alliance sought to counter British advances, but they were defeated.
Q24. The Treaty of Allahabad granted which of the following rights to the East India Company?
- (A) Control over trade routes
- (B) Diwani rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa
- (C) Command of the Indian Army
- (D) Judicial authority over Indian courts
Answer: (B) Diwani rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa
Explanation: After the Treaty of Allahabad, the British gained revenue collection rights, marking a significant step in their control over Indian territories.
…
4. Grant of Diwani (Continued)
Q32. Who granted the Diwani rights to the East India Company?
- (A) Shah Alam II
- (B) Aurangzeb
- (C) Shuja-ud-Daula
- (D) Tipu Sultan
Answer: (A) Shah Alam II
Explanation: Shah Alam II granted the Diwani rights in 1765, giving the British the authority to collect revenue in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
Q33. What was the immediate impact of the Diwani grant on Bengal?
- (A) Growth in local industries
- (B) Decline of Mughal power
- (C) Increased poverty and famine
- (D) Establishment of Indian National Congress
Answer: (C) Increased poverty and famine
Explanation: The East India Company’s exploitative policies and revenue collection led to economic distress and famines in Bengal.
5. Rural Life and Society (Continued)
Q42. The Ryotwari System was introduced in:
- (A) Bengal
- (B) Madras and Bombay
- (C) Punjab
- (D) Awadh
Answer: (B) Madras and Bombay
Explanation: Under the Ryotwari System, peasants were directly responsible for paying taxes to the government.
Q43. The Permanent Settlement of Bengal was introduced in:
- (A) 1757
- (B) 1793
- (C) 1820
- (D) 1857
Answer: (B) 1793
Explanation: The Permanent Settlement, introduced by Lord Cornwallis, fixed the revenue demand and recognized zamindars as landowners.
…
6. Colonialism and Tribal Societies (Continued)
Q52. What was the main reason for tribal revolts during the British period?
- (A) Industrialization
- (B) Exploitation by zamindars and moneylenders
- (C) Introduction of new education policies
- (D) Westernization of culture
Answer: (B) Exploitation by zamindars and moneylenders
Explanation: Tribals revolted against the British policies that disrupted their traditional way of life and land rights.
Q53. The Forest Acts by the British affected tribals by:
- (A) Allowing them free access to forests
- (B) Denying them access to forest resources
- (C) Providing employment
- (D) Granting them land rights
Answer: (B) Denying them access to forest resources
Explanation: The Forest Acts restricted tribal access to forests, which were central to their livelihood.
…
7. Agrarian Revolts (Continued)
Q62. The Indigo Revolt of 1859-60 took place in:
- (A) Punjab
- (B) Bengal
- (C) Bihar
- (D) Maharashtra
Answer: (B) Bengal
Explanation: The Indigo Revolt was a farmer-led movement against the oppressive indigo plantation system in Bengal.
Q63. Which tribal leader led the Santal Rebellion?
- (A) Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu
- (B) Birsa Munda
- (C) Tilka Manjhi
- (D) Rani Gaidinliu
Answer: (A) Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu
Explanation: The Murmu brothers led the rebellion against British policies and zamindari exploitation.
…
(MCQs for the Revolt of 1857, Social Reform Movements, and Challenging the Caste System will be continued similarly with 10 questions per topic.)
8. The Revolt of 1857 (Continued)
Q72. What was the primary cause of the Revolt of 1857?
- (A) Introduction of the Ryotwari System
- (B) Doctrine of Lapse
- (C) Discontent among Indian soldiers
- (D) Heavy taxation
Answer: (C) Discontent among Indian soldiers
Explanation: The revolt was triggered by multiple factors, but the immediate cause was the introduction of greased cartridges in the Enfield rifles, which hurt religious sentiments.
Q73. Which of the following leaders led the revolt in Kanpur?
- (A) Nana Sahib
- (B) Bahadur Shah Zafar
- (C) Rani Lakshmi Bai
- (D) Tantia Tope
Answer: (A) Nana Sahib
Explanation: Nana Sahib, a prominent leader of the revolt, led the uprising in Kanpur against the British.
Q74. Which governor-general was in power during the Revolt of 1857?
- (A) Lord Dalhousie
- (B) Lord Canning
- (C) Lord Cornwallis
- (D) Lord Wellesley
Answer: (B) Lord Canning
Explanation: Lord Canning was the governor-general during the revolt and later became the first Viceroy of India.
Q75. What was the major outcome of the Revolt of 1857?
- (A) Complete independence from British rule
- (B) Abolition of the Mughal Empire
- (C) Beginning of the Indian National Congress
- (D) End of East India Company rule
Answer: (D) End of East India Company rule
Explanation: After the revolt, the British Crown took direct control of India, marking the end of the East India Company’s rule.
9. Social and Cultural Reform Movements of India in the 19th Century
Q76. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is associated with which of the following movements?
- (A) Widow Remarriage Act
- (B) Brahmo Samaj
- (C) Arya Samaj
- (D) Self-Respect Movement
Answer: (B) Brahmo Samaj
Explanation: Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 to promote monotheism and social reform, including the abolition of sati.
Q77. Which movement is associated with Swami Vivekananda?
- (A) Ramakrishna Mission
- (B) Arya Samaj
- (C) Brahmo Samaj
- (D) Aligarh Movement
Answer: (A) Ramakrishna Mission
Explanation: Swami Vivekananda established the Ramakrishna Mission to promote education, spirituality, and social reform.
Q78. The Aligarh Movement was initiated by:
- (A) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
- (B) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- (C) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- (D) Dadabhai Naoroji
Answer: (A) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Explanation: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started the Aligarh Movement to modernize Muslim education and promote social and economic progress.
Q79. Which of the following reforms is associated with Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar?
- (A) Abolition of Sati
- (B) Widow remarriage
- (C) Promotion of Western education
- (D) Establishment of Arya Samaj
Answer: (B) Widow remarriage
Explanation: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar played a key role in promoting widow remarriage and the education of women.
10. Challenging the Caste System
Q80. Which social reformer is known for the establishment of the Satya Shodhak Samaj?
- (A) Jyotirao Phule
- (B) B. R. Ambedkar
- (C) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- (D) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer: (A) Jyotirao Phule
Explanation: Jyotirao Phule founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873 to challenge caste discrimination and promote social equality.
Q81. Who wrote the book “Annihilation of Caste”?
- (A) Mahatma Gandhi
- (B) B. R. Ambedkar
- (C) Subhas Chandra Bose
- (D) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Answer: (B) B. R. Ambedkar
Explanation: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s “Annihilation of Caste” is a powerful critique of the caste system in India.
Q82. The Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924 was organized to:
- (A) Demand access to temples for lower castes
- (B) Promote widow remarriage
- (C) Support education for women
- (D) Protest against British taxation policies
Answer: (A) Demand access to temples for lower castes
Explanation: The Vaikom Satyagraha aimed to allow the lower castes to use roads leading to temples in Kerala.
11. Women and Reforms
Q83. Who started the Women’s Indian Association in 1917?
- (A) Sarojini Naidu
- (B) Annie Besant
- (C) Kasturba Gandhi
- (D) Rani Lakshmibai
Answer: (B) Annie Besant
Explanation: Annie Besant, along with other reformers, founded the Women’s Indian Association to promote women’s rights and education.
Q84. The Widow Remarriage Act was passed in which year?
- (A) 1829
- (B) 1856
- (C) 1870
- (D) 1891
Answer: (B) 1856
Explanation: The Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 legalized the remarriage of Hindu widows, thanks to the efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.
Q85. Who was the first woman President of the Indian National Congress?
- (A) Annie Besant
- (B) Sarojini Naidu
- (C) Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
- (D) Indira Gandhi
Answer: (A) Annie Besant
Explanation: Annie Besant became the first woman President of the Indian National Congress in 1917.
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12. Women and Reforms (Continued)
Q86. Who founded the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) in 1927?
- (A) Sarojini Naidu
- (B) Kamini Roy
- (C) Margaret Cousins
- (D) Kasturba Gandhi
Answer: (C) Margaret Cousins
Explanation: Margaret Cousins, along with other women reformers, founded the AIWC to promote the welfare and rights of women in India.
Q87. Who is known as the “Nightingale of India”?
- (A) Rani Lakshmibai
- (B) Sarojini Naidu
- (C) Kasturba Gandhi
- (D) Begum Hazrat Mahal
Answer: (B) Sarojini Naidu
Explanation: Sarojini Naidu was a poet, freedom fighter, and social reformer, known as the “Nightingale of India” for her lyrical poetry.
Q88. The famous social reformer who played a crucial role in abolishing the practice of Sati was:
- (A) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
- (B) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- (C) B. R. Ambedkar
- (D) Swami Vivekananda
Answer: (B) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Explanation: Raja Ram Mohan Roy led the movement to abolish the inhuman practice of Sati, which culminated in the Sati Regulation Act of 1829.
Q89. Who was the first woman in India to become a doctor?
- (A) Kamini Roy
- (B) Sarojini Naidu
- (C) Kadambini Ganguly
- (D) Laxmi Bai
Answer: (C) Kadambini Ganguly
Explanation: Kadambini Ganguly was one of the first female doctors in India, and she received her medical degree in 1886.
Q90. Which of the following was the primary aim of the Women’s Indian Association (WIA)?
- (A) To promote women’s education
- (B) To work for women’s suffrage
- (C) To end child marriage
- (D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above
Explanation: The Women’s Indian Association worked on several issues such as education, suffrage, and social reform for women.
13. Social and Cultural Reform Movements of India in the 19th Century (Continued)
Q91. Who founded the Arya Samaj?
- (A) Dayanand Saraswati
- (B) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- (C) Swami Vivekananda
- (D) Ramakrishna Paramhansa
Answer: (A) Dayanand Saraswati
Explanation: Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875 to promote Vedic values, social reform, and the abolition of social evils.
Q92. What was the goal of the Brahmo Samaj?
- (A) To promote women’s education
- (B) To abolish caste discrimination
- (C) To advocate for monotheism and social reform
- (D) To establish an independent India
Answer: (C) To advocate for monotheism and social reform
Explanation: The Brahmo Samaj, founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828, advocated for the worship of a single God and the abolition of social evils like Sati.
Q93. Who was the founder of the Prarthana Samaj?
- (A) Swami Vivekananda
- (B) Atmaram Pandurang
- (C) Mahatma Gandhi
- (D) Dr. Keshub Chunder Sen
Answer: (B) Atmaram Pandurang
Explanation: The Prarthana Samaj, founded in 1867 by Atmaram Pandurang, was an organization that focused on social reform, particularly in education and the status of women.
Q94. Which Indian reformer is known for his efforts to promote education for women and the upliftment of lower castes?
- (A) B. R. Ambedkar
- (B) Swami Vivekananda
- (C) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
- (D) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer: (C) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Explanation: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was instrumental in advocating for the education of women and the upliftment of lower castes.
14. The Revolt of 1857 (Continued)
Q95. The famous slogan “Delhi Chalo” was given during which of the following events?
- (A) Revolt of 1857
- (B) Indian National Congress Movement
- (C) Quit India Movement
- (D) The Salt March
Answer: (C) Quit India Movement
Explanation: “Delhi Chalo” was the slogan coined by Subhas Chandra Bose during the Quit India Movement in 1942, not during the 1857 revolt.
Q96. Which of the following leaders was not associated with the Revolt of 1857?
- (A) Bahadur Shah Zafar
- (B) Mangal Pandey
- (C) Rani Lakshmi Bai
- (D) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer: (D) Jawaharlal Nehru
Explanation: Jawaharlal Nehru was not involved in the Revolt of 1857; he played a significant role in the independence movement later.
15. Social and Cultural Reform Movements of India in the 19th Century (Continued)
Q97. The Arya Samaj was opposed to which practice?
- (A) Early marriage
- (B) Caste-based discrimination
- (C) Idol worship
- (D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above
Explanation: The Arya Samaj, founded by Dayanand Saraswati, opposed early marriage, caste-based discrimination, and idol worship, and worked to promote Vedic knowledge.
Q98. The first woman to lead a political movement in India was:
- (A) Sarojini Naidu
- (B) Begum Hazrat Mahal
- (C) Rani Lakshmibai
- (D) Kasturba Gandhi
Answer: (B) Begum Hazrat Mahal
Explanation: Begum Hazrat Mahal played a prominent role in leading the revolt in Lucknow during the 1857 uprising and was the first woman to lead a political movement.
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16. Agrarian Revolts – Indigo, Santal, Munda (Continued)
Q99. The Indigo Rebellion of 1859-60 took place in which region of India?
- (A) Bengal
- (B) Punjab
- (C) Bihar
- (D) Uttar Pradesh
Answer: (C) Bihar
Explanation: The Indigo Rebellion of 1859-60 occurred in Bihar, where peasants revolted against the oppressive practices of the British planters who forced them to grow indigo.
Q100. The Santal Rebellion of 1855-56 was led by:
- (A) Sidhu and Kanhu
- (B) Mangal Pandey
- (C) Rani Lakshmibai
- (D) Subhas Chandra Bose
Answer: (A) Sidhu and Kanhu
Explanation: The Santal Rebellion was led by Sidhu and Kanhu, and it aimed at resisting the exploitative policies of the British government and landlords.
Q101. The Munda Rebellion (Ulgulan) of 1899-1900 was led by:
- (A) Rani Lakshmibai
- (B) Birsa Munda
- (C) Mangal Pandey
- (D) Chandrashekhar Azad
Answer: (B) Birsa Munda
Explanation: The Munda Rebellion, led by Birsa Munda, was aimed at challenging the British administration and the exploitative practices of landlords in Jharkhand.
17. The Revolt of 1857 (Continued)
Q102. Who among the following was not associated with the Revolt of 1857?
- (A) Bahadur Shah Zafar
- (B) Mangal Pandey
- (C) Nana Saheb
- (D) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer: (D) Jawaharlal Nehru
Explanation: Jawaharlal Nehru was a leader during the Indian independence movement in the 20th century and was not involved in the Revolt of 1857.
Q103. The first major revolt of 1857 started in:
- (A) Lucknow
- (B) Meerut
- (C) Delhi
- (D) Kanpur
Answer: (B) Meerut
Explanation: The Revolt of 1857 began in Meerut when Indian sepoys in the British East India Company’s army mutinied against their British officers.
Q104. Who was declared the Emperor of India by the leaders of the Revolt of 1857?
- (A) Mangal Pandey
- (B) Bahadur Shah Zafar
- (C) Rani Lakshmibai
- (D) Nana Saheb
Answer: (B) Bahadur Shah Zafar
Explanation: Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, was declared the Emperor of India by the leaders of the 1857 Revolt.
18. Social and Cultural Reform Movements of India in the 19th Century (Continued)
Q105. Which of the following movements sought to reform Hinduism and end social injustices such as Sati and child marriage?
- (A) Brahmo Samaj
- (B) Arya Samaj
- (C) Prarthana Samaj
- (D) All of the above
Answer: (D) All of the above
Explanation: All these reform movements sought to reform Hinduism and eliminate social evils like Sati and child marriage while promoting education and social justice.
Q106. The Satyashodhak Samaj was founded by:
- (A) Jyotirao Phule
- (B) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
- (C) Dayanand Saraswati
- (D) Subhas Chandra Bose
Answer: (A) Jyotirao Phule
Explanation: Jyotirao Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 to promote social equality, especially for the lower castes and women.
Q107. The Indian social reformer who worked towards the upliftment of the Dalits and fought against untouchability was:
- (A) Swami Vivekananda
- (B) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
- (C) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- (D) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Answer: (B) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
Explanation: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was a key figure in fighting for the rights of Dalits and working towards the abolition of untouchability.
19. Women and Reforms (Continued)
Q108. Who played a key role in the establishment of the Women’s University in India?
- (A) Begum Hazrat Mahal
- (B) Sarojini Naidu
- (C) Pandita Ramabai
- (D) Kamini Roy
Answer: (C) Pandita Ramabai
Explanation: Pandita Ramabai played a crucial role in the establishment of the women’s university, focused on the empowerment of women through education.
Q109. Which of the following was an important contribution of Dr. Kamini Roy?
- (A) Leading the Indian National Congress
- (B) Fighting for the rights of women
- (C) Establishing the first women’s school
- (D) Promoting social justice
Answer: (B) Fighting for the rights of women
Explanation: Dr. Kamini Roy was one of the first women graduates in India and worked tirelessly for the advancement of women’s rights and education.
20. Social and Cultural Reform Movements of India in the 19th Century (Final)
Q110. The aim of the Ramakrishna Mission was to:
- (A) Promote religious tolerance
- (B) Spread the teachings of Ramakrishna Paramhansa
- (C) Abolish child marriage
- (D) Both A and B
Answer: (D) Both A and B
Explanation: The Ramakrishna Mission, founded by Swami Vivekananda, aimed to spread the teachings of Ramakrishna Paramhansa and promote religious harmony.
Q111. Which was the first social reform movement in India to openly challenge the caste system?
- (A) Brahmo Samaj
- (B) Arya Samaj
- (C) Prarthana Samaj
- (D) Satyashodhak Samaj
Answer: (A) Brahmo Samaj
Explanation: The Brahmo Samaj, founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, was the first major social reform movement to challenge caste discrimination.
