Panchayati Raj in India: An Overview
Panchayati Raj refers to a system of rural local self-government in India. It was introduced to decentralize governance and empower rural communities by promoting democracy at the grassroots level. Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) are tasked with rural development and local administration, ensuring that rural citizens have a direct role in governance.
Key Highlights
Constitutional Basis:
The Panchayati Raj system was constitutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, which provided a legal framework for its implementation across the country.
Purpose:
To strengthen democracy at the grassroots level and facilitate effective implementation of development programs in rural areas.
Evolution of Panchayati Raj
Initial Proposal and Legislation:
The Narasimha Rao Government introduced the Constitutional Amendment Bill in the Lok Sabha in September 1991.
The bill was passed by:
Lok Sabha on 22nd December 1992.
Rajya Sabha on 23rd December 1992.
It was subsequently ratified by 17 State Assemblies and received the President of India’s assent on 20th April 1993.
Implementation:
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, came into force on 24th April 1993, marking a significant milestone in decentralizing governance.
Historical Context:
Rajasthan was the first state to introduce the Panchayati Raj system, establishing it in Nagaur District in 1959.
Rajasthan was followed by Andhra Pradesh, which also adopted the system in its rural areas.
Key Features of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992
Three-Tier System:
Panchayati Raj was structured into three levels:
Gram Panchayat (village level),
Panchayat Samiti (block level), and
Zila Parishad (district level).
Mandatory Elections:
Regular elections to Panchayati Raj institutions every five years.
Reservation of Seats:
Reserved seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women (33% reservation).
Powers and Responsibilities:
Panchayati Raj institutions were empowered to prepare and implement plans for economic development and social justice.
Constitutional Status:
Inclusion of Part IX in the Constitution, titled “The Panchayats.”
Addition of the Eleventh Schedule, which lists 29 functional areas to be addressed by Panchayati Raj institutions, such as agriculture, education, health, sanitation, and rural housing.
State Election Commission and State Finance Commission:
Creation of independent State Election Commissions to conduct Panchayat elections.
Establishment of State Finance Commissions to recommend the distribution of financial resources to Panchayati Raj institutions.
Significance of Panchayati Raj
Grassroots Empowerment: Promotes direct participation of rural people in governance and development.
Decentralized Governance: Reduces the burden on higher levels of government by delegating responsibilities to local bodies.
Inclusive Development: Ensures representation of marginalized communities, including SCs, STs, and women, in decision-making processes.
Panchayati Raj stands as a symbol of India’s commitment to democracy and rural empowerment. Its constitutional framework ensures its sustainability and effectiveness in addressing the needs of rural India.
MCQs on Panchayati Raj with Answers
1. What does the term Panchayati Raj signify?
A) Urban local government
B) Rural local self-government
C) State governance
D) Central governance
Answer: B) Rural local self-government
2. Through which constitutional amendment was the Panchayati Raj system established in India?
A) 42nd Amendment Act
B) 44th Amendment Act
C) 73rd Amendment Act
D) 86th Amendment Act
Answer: C) 73rd Amendment Act
3. In which year did the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act come into force?
A) 1991
B) 1992
C) 1993
D) 1995
Answer: C) 1993
4. Which state was the first to introduce the Panchayati Raj system in India?
A) Andhra Pradesh
B) Uttar Pradesh
C) Rajasthan
D) Maharashtra
Answer: C) Rajasthan
5. In which district of Rajasthan was the Panchayati Raj system first implemented?
A) Ajmer
B) Jodhpur
C) Nagaur
D) Udaipur
Answer: C) Nagaur
6. What is the three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj?
A) Zila Parishad, Panchayat Samiti, Gram Panchayat
B) Gram Sabha, State Assembly, Lok Sabha
C) Village Council, Block Council, District Council
D) Municipal Corporation, Zila Parishad, Gram Panchayat
Answer: A) Zila Parishad, Panchayat Samiti, Gram Panchayat
7. Which schedule of the Constitution contains the functional areas of Panchayati Raj institutions?
A) Ninth Schedule
B) Eleventh Schedule
C) Twelfth Schedule
D) Tenth Schedule
Answer: B) Eleventh Schedule
8. How many subjects are listed in the Eleventh Schedule for Panchayati Raj?
A) 25
B) 29
C) 31
D) 21
Answer: B) 29
9. The Panchayati Raj system was introduced under which Part of the Indian Constitution?
A) Part VIII
B) Part IX
C) Part X
D) Part XI
Answer: B) Part IX
10. Who is responsible for conducting elections to Panchayati Raj institutions?
A) Election Commission of India
B) State Election Commission
C) State Government
D) Union Government
Answer: B) State Election Commission
11. What percentage of seats in Panchayati Raj institutions are reserved for women?
A) 25%
B) 33%
C) 50%
D) 30%
Answer: B) 33%
12. Which body recommends the distribution of financial resources to Panchayati Raj institutions?
A) Planning Commission
B) State Finance Commission
C) Reserve Bank of India
D) Ministry of Finance
Answer: B) State Finance Commission
13. When was the Panchayati Raj system first proposed in India?
A) During the Mauryan Empire
B) During the British period
C) After Independence
D) During the Mughal Empire
Answer: B) During the British period
14. Which Prime Minister is credited with emphasizing the importance of Panchayati Raj in independent India?
A) Jawaharlal Nehru
B) Indira Gandhi
C) Rajiv Gandhi
D) Lal Bahadur Shastri
Answer: C) Rajiv Gandhi
15. What is the role of the Gram Sabha in Panchayati Raj?
A) Supervising the Panchayat
B) Electing members of the Zila Parishad
C) Approving village development plans
D) Both A and C
Answer: D) Both A and C
16. Which of the following is a mandatory function of Panchayati Raj institutions?
A) Industrial development
B) Defence
C) Rural sanitation and health
D) Interstate commerce
Answer: C) Rural sanitation and health
17. Who is the head of a Gram Panchayat?
A) Sarpanch
B) Panchayat Secretary
C) Block Development Officer
D) Zila Parishad Chairman
Answer: A) Sarpanch
18. How often must elections to Panchayati Raj institutions be held?
A) Every 4 years
B) Every 5 years
C) Every 6 years
D) Every 3 years
Answer: B) Every 5 years
19. Which Article of the Constitution mentions the organization of village panchayats?
A) Article 40
B) Article 41
C) Article 42
D) Article 43
Answer: A) Article 40
20. Which year is celebrated as the year of decentralization in India due to the implementation of the 73rd Amendment?
A) 1991
B) 1992
C) 1993
D) 1994
Answer: C) 1993
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957)
The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was constituted in 1957 to assess the functioning of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953), which were early initiatives for rural development in independent India. The committee focused on suggesting improvements in these programs to enhance democratic participation and local governance.
Recommendations of the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee
Three-Tier Panchayati Raj System:
The committee proposed a decentralized three-tier structure for local governance:
Gram Panchayat (Village level)
Panchayat Samiti (Block level)
Zila Parishad (District level)
Election System:
Gram Panchayat: Members to be directly elected by the people.
Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad: Members to be indirectly elected by other local bodies.
Distribution of Functions:
Panchayat Samiti:
Designated as the executive body responsible for implementing developmental programs.
Zila Parishad:
Functioned as the advisory, coordinating, and supervisory body, overseeing the activities of the Panchayat Samiti and Gram Panchayat.
Leadership at the District Level:
The District Collector should serve as the Chairman of the Zila Parishad, ensuring a link between administrative and developmental functions.
Impact of the Recommendations
The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee laid the foundation for the establishment of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India.
Its recommendations were first implemented in Rajasthan in 1959, followed by Andhra Pradesh and other states.
The committee’s emphasis on decentralization and participatory governance became a cornerstone for subsequent rural development initiatives.
Significance
The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee’s proposals aimed to involve rural communities in governance and development, ensuring that decisions were made closer to the people affected by them. This led to the formal adoption of Panchayati Raj as a system of local self-governance, fostering democratic participation and accountability at the grassroots level.
MCQs on Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957) with Answers
1. Why was the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee constituted in 1957?
A) To assess the working of the Indian Parliament
B) To review the Community Development Programme (1952) and National Extension Service (1953)
C) To recommend economic reforms
D) To suggest changes in the education policy
Answer: B) To review the Community Development Programme (1952) and National Extension Service (1953)
2. What structure did the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee recommend for local governance?
A) Two-tier system
B) Four-tier system
C) Three-tier system
D) Single-tier system
Answer: C) Three-tier system
3. Which of the following is part of the three-tier Panchayati Raj system proposed by the committee?
A) Ward Committee, Block Committee, District Committee
B) Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad
C) Block Panchayat, Municipal Council, District Council
D) Taluk Panchayat, State Panchayat, Central Panchayat
Answer: B) Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad
4. How are members of the Gram Panchayat elected as per the committee’s recommendations?
A) Indirectly elected
B) Nominated by the State Government
C) Directly elected by the people
D) Appointed by the Zila Parishad
Answer: C) Directly elected by the people
5. What is the primary role of the Panchayat Samiti in the Panchayati Raj system?
A) Advisory body
B) Judicial body
C) Executive body
D) Supervisory body
Answer: C) Executive body
6. What was the role of the Zila Parishad according to the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee?
A) Executive body
B) Advisory, coordinating, and supervisory body
C) Legislative body
D) Tax-collecting body
Answer: B) Advisory, coordinating, and supervisory body
7. Who was recommended as the Chairman of the Zila Parishad by the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee?
A) Chief Minister of the state
B) Panchayat Samiti President
C) District Collector
D) Gram Panchayat President
Answer: C) District Collector
8. Which was the first state to implement the Panchayati Raj system based on the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee’s recommendations?
A) Maharashtra
B) Rajasthan
C) Gujarat
D) Uttar Pradesh
Answer: B) Rajasthan
9. In which year was the Panchayati Raj system first implemented in Nagaur district of Rajasthan?
A) 1957
B) 1958
C) 1959
D) 1960
Answer: C) 1959
10. What was the key objective of the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee?
A) To improve agricultural practices
B) To recommend economic liberalization
C) To suggest measures for participatory governance and rural development
D) To create a centralized governance system
Answer: C) To suggest measures for participatory governance and rural development
Ashok Mehta Committee (1977)
In December 1977, the Janata Government constituted the Ashok Mehta Committee to assess the condition of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and provide recommendations to revive and strengthen them. The committee submitted its report in August 1978, proposing several reforms to address the decline of the Panchayati Raj system and enhance its efficiency.
Key Recommendations
Two-Tier System:
Replace the existing three-tier system with a two-tier system:
Zila Parishad at the district level.
Mandal Panchayat below it, consisting of a group of villages with a population of up to 20,000.
Role of Zila Parishad:
Designate the Zila Parishad as the executive body.
Assign it responsibility for planning and development at the district level.
Financial Autonomy:
Grant compulsory powers of taxation to the Panchayati Raj Institutions to enable them to mobilize their own financial resources.
Nyaya Panchayats:
Establish Nyaya Panchayats (judicial Panchayats) as separate bodies from developmental Panchayats to handle local disputes.
Dedicated Minister:
Appoint a minister for Panchayati Raj in the State Council of Ministers to oversee the functioning of the Panchayati Raj Institutions and address their needs.
Reservation of Seats:
Reserve seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in proportion to their population to ensure their participation in governance.
Significance of the Recommendations
The Ashok Mehta Committee marked a departure from the earlier three-tier system by emphasizing the district level as the key administrative and developmental unit.
Its proposals aimed at financial empowerment, administrative efficiency, and increased participation of marginalized groups in local governance.
Although not fully implemented, the committee’s recommendations influenced subsequent reforms, including the introduction of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992.
Impact and Challenges
The recommendations of the Ashok Mehta Committee were forward-thinking but faced political and administrative challenges, limiting their adoption.
Some states experimented with a two-tier system, but the structure proposed by the committee was not widely institutionalized.
This committee’s work remains a significant milestone in the evolution of Panchayati Raj Institutions in India, emphasizing decentralization, local empowerment, and participatory governance.
MCQs on Ashok Mehta Committee (1977) with Answers
1. Why was the Ashok Mehta Committee constituted in 1977?
A) To review the three-tier system of Panchayati Raj
B) To strengthen the declining Panchayati Raj Institutions
C) To recommend tax reforms for rural development
D) To improve urban local bodies
Answer: B) To strengthen the declining Panchayati Raj Institutions
2. When did the Ashok Mehta Committee submit its report?
A) December 1977
B) August 1978
C) April 1978
D) January 1979
Answer: B) August 1978
3. What system of governance did the Ashok Mehta Committee recommend?
A) Three-tier system
B) Single-tier system
C) Two-tier system
D) Four-tier system
Answer: C) Two-tier system
4. Which levels were proposed under the two-tier Panchayati Raj system by the Ashok Mehta Committee?
A) Gram Panchayat and Panchayat Samiti
B) Zila Parishad and Mandal Panchayat
C) Zila Parishad and Gram Panchayat
D) District Council and Block Council
Answer: B) Zila Parishad and Mandal Panchayat
5. What population size did the Ashok Mehta Committee recommend for a Mandal Panchayat?
A) Up to 10,000
B) Up to 20,000
C) Up to 30,000
D) Up to 50,000
Answer: B) Up to 20,000
6. Which body did the Ashok Mehta Committee propose as the executive authority in the Panchayati Raj system?
A) Gram Panchayat
B) Panchayat Samiti
C) Zila Parishad
D) Mandal Panchayat
Answer: C) Zila Parishad
7. What was the Ashok Mehta Committee’s recommendation regarding financial autonomy of Panchayati Raj Institutions?
A) They should depend on state grants
B) They should have compulsory powers for taxation
C) They should rely on donations
D) They should levy property taxes only
Answer: B) They should have compulsory powers for taxation
8. What did the Ashok Mehta Committee propose regarding Nyaya Panchayats?
A) Integrate them with development Panchayats
B) Abolish Nyaya Panchayats
C) Keep them as separate bodies from development Panchayats
D) Merge them with the Zila Parishad
Answer: C) Keep them as separate bodies from development Panchayats
9. What provision did the Ashok Mehta Committee suggest for SCs and STs in Panchayati Raj Institutions?
A) No special provisions
B) Reservation of seats based on their population
C) Special financial grants
D) Representation only at the district level
Answer: B) Reservation of seats based on their population
10. What new ministerial post did the Ashok Mehta Committee recommend creating at the state level?
A) Minister for Rural Development
B) Minister for Panchayati Raj
C) Minister for Local Administration
D) Minister for Taxation and Revenue
Answer: B) Minister for Panchayati Raj
Part IX of the Constitution of India: The Panchayats
Part IX of the Indian Constitution (Articles 243 to 243-O) was introduced through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, to establish a framework for the Panchayati Raj System. This part outlines the structure, composition, powers, responsibilities, and functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) to promote democracy and self-governance at the grassroots level.
Key Articles in Part IX
243: Definitions
This article provides definitions for terms such as Panchayat, Gram Sabha, and others essential for the understanding and implementation of Part IX.
243A: Gram Sabha
Definition: The Gram Sabha is a body consisting of all persons registered in the electoral rolls of a village within a Panchayat area.
Function: It is a deliberative body that acts as the foundation of the Panchayati Raj system, enabling direct participation of people in governance.
243B: Constitution of Panchayats
Levels: Panchayats are to be constituted at three levels:
Village level
Intermediate level (for states with a population of over 20 lakhs)
District level
Panchayats are established in every state and union territory.
243C: Composition of Panchayats
Panchayats consist of elected representatives from territorial constituencies.
The manner of election and composition is determined by state laws.
243D: Reservation of Seats
Reservation for SCs and STs: Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in proportion to their population in the Panchayat area.
Women Reservation: One-third of the seats are reserved for women, including women belonging to SCs and STs.
243E: Duration of Panchayats
Term: The term of every Panchayat is five years from the date of its first meeting.
Re-elections: Elections to constitute a new Panchayat must be completed before the expiration of its term or within six months in case of dissolution.
243F: Disqualifications for Membership
A person is disqualified from membership if they do not meet the qualifications specified by state legislature or are disqualified under any law for elections to the legislature of the state.
243G: Powers, Authority, and Responsibilities of Panchayats
The State Legislature may endow Panchayats with powers and authority necessary for:
Economic development
Social justice
Implementation of schemes under the Eleventh Schedule (29 subjects listed, including agriculture, health, education, etc.).
243H: Powers to Impose Taxes and Funds of the Panchayats
Panchayats may be authorized to:
Levy, collect, and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls, and fees.
Receive grants-in-aid from the Consolidated Fund of the State.
243I: Constitution of Finance Commission to Review Financial Position
The State Finance Commission is constituted every five years to:
Review the financial position of Panchayats.
Recommend distribution of taxes between the state and Panchayats.
243J: Audit of Accounts of Panchayats
The maintenance and audit of Panchayat accounts are governed by state law.
243K: Elections to the Panchayats
Elections are conducted under the supervision of the State Election Commission.
The commission ensures free and fair elections.
243L: Application to Union Territories
Provisions of Part IX apply to Union Territories (UTs), subject to modifications specified by the President of India.
243M: Part Not to Apply to Certain Areas
Exemptions: The provisions of Part IX do not apply to:
Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas under Article 244.
Certain regions, such as Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram, unless the legislatures of these states decide otherwise.
243N: Continuance of Existing Laws and Panchayats
Existing laws related to Panchayats continue to be in force until amended or replaced in accordance with the provisions of Part IX, but not beyond one year after its commencement.
243O: Bar to Interference by Courts in Electoral Matters
Courts are prohibited from interfering in matters related to Panchayat elections, except through an election petition as specified by law.
Significance of Part IX
Empowerment of Rural India: Ensures the devolution of power to rural areas.
Democratic Participation: Encourages people’s participation in decision-making and development.
Financial Autonomy: Provides Panchayats the authority to generate and manage their finances.
Social Justice: Ensures representation of marginalized groups and women.
Part IX laid the foundation for a decentralized and participatory governance system, aligning local development with the principles of democracy.
20 Important MCQs with Answers: Part IX – The Panchayats
1. Which Constitutional Amendment introduced Part IX in the Indian Constitution?
a) 42nd Amendment
b) 44th Amendment
c) 73rd Amendment
d) 86th Amendment
Answer: c) 73rd Amendment
2. What is the minimum term of a Panchayat as per Article 243E?
a) 3 years
b) 4 years
c) 5 years
d) 6 years
Answer: c) 5 years
3. What is the function of the State Election Commission under Article 243K?
a) Supervise municipal elections
b) Supervise Panchayat elections
c) Conduct Lok Sabha elections
d) Conduct Rajya Sabha elections
Answer: b) Supervise Panchayat elections
4. What is the minimum population for a village to constitute a Gram Sabha?
a) 500
b) 1,000
c) No minimum population required
d) 10,000
Answer: c) No minimum population required
5. Which body is responsible for planning at the district level under Article 243G?
a) Gram Sabha
b) Zila Parishad
c) Panchayat Samiti
d) Nyaya Panchayat
Answer: b) Zila Parishad
6. What is the reservation percentage for women in Panchayats as per Article 243D?
a) 25%
b) 33%
c) 40%
d) 50%
Answer: b) 33%
7. The Eleventh Schedule contains how many subjects related to Panchayats?
a) 18
b) 25
c) 29
d) 35
Answer: c) 29
8. Which article prohibits courts from interfering in Panchayat electoral matters?
a) Article 243G
b) Article 243O
c) Article 243M
d) Article 243F
Answer: b) Article 243O
9. Who constitutes the State Finance Commission as per Article 243I?
a) President
b) Governor
c) Chief Minister
d) State Election Commission
Answer: b) Governor
10. Which Article deals with the disqualification for membership in Panchayats?
a) Article 243E
b) Article 243F
c) Article 243I
d) Article 243N
Answer: b) Article 243F
11. The Nyaya Panchayats are meant for which of the following?
a) Development
b) Tax collection
c) Judicial functions
d) Election supervision
Answer: c) Judicial functions
12. Which body reviews the financial position of Panchayats?
a) State Finance Commission
b) Comptroller and Auditor General
c) Ministry of Rural Development
d) Gram Sabha
Answer: a) State Finance Commission
13. The reservation of seats in Panchayats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes is based on what?
a) Financial contribution
b) Population proportion
c) Educational qualifications
d) Random selection
Answer: b) Population proportion
14. Panchayats in Scheduled Areas are governed by which specific act?
a) 73rd Amendment Act
b) 74th Amendment Act
c) PESA Act, 1996
d) Representation of People Act, 1951
Answer: c) PESA Act, 1996
15. Which article provides Panchayats the power to impose taxes and generate funds?
a) Article 243D
b) Article 243H
c) Article 243G
d) Article 243O
Answer: b) Article 243H
16. What is the primary deliberative body in the Panchayati Raj system?
a) Zila Parishad
b) Panchayat Samiti
c) Gram Sabha
d) Nyaya Panchayat
Answer: c) Gram Sabha
17. What is the key objective of Part IX of the Constitution?
a) Urban development
b) Devolution of power to rural areas
c) Strengthening state governance
d) Promoting international relations
Answer: b) Devolution of power to rural areas
18. Under Article 243M, which areas are excluded from the application of Part IX?
a) Scheduled Areas
b) Tribal Areas in Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram
c) Hill areas of Manipur
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
19. Which Article provides for the continuity of existing laws and Panchayats after the enactment of the 73rd Amendment?
a) Article 243H
b) Article 243N
c) Article 243K
d) Article 243F
Answer: b) Article 243N
20. The Panchayati Raj system primarily aims to promote which of the following?
a) Centralized planning
b) Bureaucratic control
c) Decentralized governance
d) Economic liberalization
Answer: c) Decentralized governance
Urban Local Governments in India
India has eight types of urban local governments, each serving specific purposes based on the size, population, and function of urban areas. These are:
Municipal Corporation: For larger urban areas with a significant population. It focuses on providing basic services like water, sanitation, and public health.
Municipality: For smaller urban areas and towns. It is similar to a Municipal Corporation but operates on a smaller scale.
Notified Area Committee: Constituted for fast-developing towns that have not yet been declared municipalities.
Town Area Committee: Deals with smaller towns for limited civic functions.
Cantonment Board: Administers areas with significant military establishments, managed by the Ministry of Defense.
Township: Created for managing industrial or project-based areas, generally controlled by the company or industry concerned.
Port Trust: Manages ports and their surrounding areas.
Special Purpose Agency: Formed for specific functions like transport, housing, or water supply.
Ministries Managing Urban Local Governments
At the central level, urban local governments are managed by three primary ministries:
Ministry of Urban Development: Created in 1985, this ministry oversees the majority of urban local bodies.
Ministry of Defense: Responsible for managing Cantonment Boards.
Ministry of Home Affairs: Manages urban local governments in Union Territories.
74th Amendment Act (1992)
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act was a landmark reform introduced during P.V. Narasimha Rao’s government. It aimed to strengthen urban local governments and decentralize urban governance.
Key Features:
Came into Force: 1st June 1993.
Added Part IX-A: This includes Articles 243P to 243ZG, providing a constitutional framework for urban local governance.
Added the 12th Schedule: Lists 18 functional areas under the purview of municipalities, dealt with under Article 243W.
Provisions Under the 74th Amendment Act
Constitutional Obligation:
State governments are required to adopt the new system of municipalities as per the Act.
Structure of Urban Local Governments:
Nagar Panchayat: For transitioning rural to urban areas.
Municipal Council: For smaller urban areas.
Municipal Corporation: For larger urban areas.
Reservation of Seats:
Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women in proportion to their population.
Tenure:
Fixed tenure of five years for all municipalities.
Elections:
Elections are to be conducted before the expiry of the tenure.
Functions and Powers:
Municipalities are empowered to prepare plans for economic development and social justice.
They are responsible for implementing schemes listed in the 12th Schedule, including urban planning, water supply, sanitation, public health, and slum development.
Significance of the 74th Amendment Act
Strengthened decentralized governance in urban areas.
Empowered urban local bodies with constitutional status.
Facilitated citizen participation in urban governance.
Promoted urban development and planning as part of inclusive growth.
This amendment marked a shift in India’s governance structure by giving urban local governments a pivotal role in addressing the growing needs of urbanization.
20 Important MCQs with Answers about Urban Local Governments and the 74th Amendment Act
1. Which ministry is responsible for the management of Cantonment Boards in India?
a) Ministry of Urban Development
b) Ministry of Home Affairs
c) Ministry of Defense
d) Ministry of Rural Development
Answer: c) Ministry of Defense
2. How many types of urban local governments are recognized in India?
a) 5
b) 7
c) 8
d) 6
Answer: c) 8
3. The 74th Amendment Act came into force on:
a) 1st January 1993
b) 1st June 1993
c) 1st April 1992
d) 1st December 1993
Answer: b) 1st June 1993
4. The 74th Amendment Act added which part to the Indian Constitution?
a) Part IX
b) Part IX-A
c) Part XI
d) Part XII
Answer: b) Part IX-A
5. What is the population range for creating a Mandal Panchayat as per Ashok Mehta Committee recommendations?
a) 10,000 to 15,000
b) 20,000 to 50,000
c) Up to 20,000
d) Above 50,000
Answer: c) Up to 20,000
6. Which article deals with the functional items of municipalities?
a) Article 243N
b) Article 243T
c) Article 243W
d) Article 243P
Answer: c) Article 243W
7. The 12th Schedule of the Constitution contains how many functional items?
a) 10
b) 15
c) 18
d) 20
Answer: c) 18
8. What is the tenure of municipalities as per the 74th Amendment Act?
a) 3 years
b) 5 years
c) 6 years
d) 4 years
Answer: b) 5 years
9. Which type of urban local government is constituted for areas in transition from rural to urban?
a) Municipality
b) Nagar Panchayat
c) Municipal Corporation
d) Notified Area Committee
Answer: b) Nagar Panchayat
10. Who is responsible for the elections of urban local bodies?
a) Election Commission of India
b) State Election Commission
c) Union Public Service Commission
d) Municipal Authority
Answer: b) State Election Commission
11. Which of the following is NOT included in the 12th Schedule?
a) Urban planning
b) Police administration
c) Slum improvement
d) Public health
Answer: b) Police administration
12. What is the main focus of a Municipal Corporation?
a) Managing rural areas
b) Providing basic urban services in large cities
c) Regulating defense areas
d) Overseeing rural planning
Answer: b) Providing basic urban services in large cities
13. Which urban local body is managed by private companies for industrial areas?
a) Notified Area Committee
b) Township
c) Port Trust
d) Municipal Corporation
Answer: b) Township
14. What is the primary role of the Zila Parishad in urban local governance?
a) Legislative
b) Advisory and supervisory
c) Judicial
d) Executive
Answer: b) Advisory and supervisory
15. Which urban local government is responsible for managing ports?
a) Port Trust
b) Municipality
c) Special Purpose Agency
d) Town Area Committee
Answer: a) Port Trust
16. Which committee recommended the two-tier system of Panchayati Raj?
a) Balwant Rai Mehta Committee
b) Ashok Mehta Committee
c) Sarkaria Commission
d) Singhvi Committee
Answer: b) Ashok Mehta Committee
17. Article 243ZG prohibits interference by courts in which matters?
a) Taxation
b) Electoral matters
c) Financial audits
d) Appointment of officials
Answer: b) Electoral matters
18. Which type of urban local government is established for newly developing areas?
a) Municipal Corporation
b) Notified Area Committee
c) Town Area Committee
d) Township
Answer: b) Notified Area Committee
19. Which year saw the creation of the Ministry of Urban Development?
a) 1985
b) 1990
c) 1980
d) 1995
Answer: a) 1985
20. What is the primary focus of the 74th Amendment Act?
a) Rural development
b) Urban local governance
c) Financial inclusion
d) Industrial policy
Answer: b) Urban local governance
Municipalities in India
In India, municipalities are established to manage and govern urban local areas. They are responsible for urban planning, infrastructure, sanitation, public health, and various other services. Municipalities are broadly categorized into three types based on the size of the urban area they serve:
Types of Municipalities:
Nagar Panchayat:
Purpose: Established for areas that are transitioning from rural to urban, i.e., towns that are in the process of urbanization.
Characteristics: These are smaller urban areas with a population between 20,000 and 1 lakh, witnessing a shift from rural to urban characteristics.
Municipal Council:
Purpose: Set up to manage and govern smaller urban areas or towns.
Characteristics: These councils are meant for towns with a population between 1 lakh and 10 lakh. The governance of municipal councils involves the provision of basic urban services, such as sanitation, public health, and roads.
Municipal Corporation:
Purpose: Created for the administration of large cities with higher populations.
Characteristics: Municipal corporations are typically responsible for larger cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and Bangalore. They have significant administrative, financial, and judicial powers to manage urban areas effectively. Municipal corporations have a more complex organizational structure due to the larger size and diversity of the urban area.
Establishment of Municipalities:
In States: Municipalities are established by the respective State Legislatures.
In Union Territories (UTs): Municipalities are established by the Acts of the Parliament of India.
Composition of Municipalities:
Elected Members:
The municipal body is composed of members who are directly elected by the residents of the municipality. Each municipal area is divided into constituencies called Wards, and each ward elects one member to the municipality.
Chairperson:
The manner of electing the Chairperson of the municipality may vary based on state laws. In some states, the chairperson is elected directly, while in others, they may be elected by the municipal council members.
Additional Members:
The state legislature may also provide for the representation of persons who have special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, but these members do not have voting rights.
Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly Members: Members of the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly, who represent constituencies that are partially or wholly part of the municipal area, are also represented in the municipality.
Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Council Members: These members who are electors within the municipal area may also be represented.
Chairpersons of Committees: The chairpersons of committees (except Wards Committees) are also part of the municipality’s composition.
Wards Committees:
What is a Wards Committee?
A Wards Committee consists of one or more wards within the territorial area of a municipality. It is established for municipalities with a population of three lakhs or more.
Purpose:
Wards Committees are created to decentralize administrative tasks and bring governance closer to the grassroots level, especially in larger cities. It allows for more focused attention on smaller areas or wards within the municipality.
Key Functions of Municipalities:
Municipalities, irrespective of their type, are responsible for a variety of functions aimed at improving urban life. These include:
Urban Planning: Developing and regulating land use, ensuring proper zoning, and building infrastructure.
Sanitation and Waste Management: Ensuring cleanliness, garbage collection, and waste disposal.
Public Health: Managing public health services, including hospitals, healthcare centers, and vaccinations.
Water Supply and Sewerage: Providing clean drinking water and maintaining efficient sewage systems.
Street Lighting: Ensuring proper street lighting in urban areas.
Public Transport: Managing urban transport services such as buses and metros.
Market Management: Regulating and managing urban markets and local businesses.
Education and Cultural Services: Facilitating the establishment and functioning of schools and cultural centers.
Significance of Municipalities:
Municipalities play a crucial role in the development of urban areas. They are the first line of governance for urban areas and directly impact the daily lives of the people. Municipalities ensure that urban infrastructure is maintained, public services are provided, and the urban population’s welfare is prioritized.
Conclusion:
The structure of municipalities in India is designed to accommodate the governance needs of various sizes of urban areas, from small towns to large metropolitan cities. The roles and functions of municipalities are clearly defined by the Constitution and state laws, ensuring that urban areas are effectively managed and developed for the welfare of their residents.
20 important multiple-choice questions (MCQs) along with answers about Municipalities:
1. What is the primary purpose of a Nagar Panchayat?
a) Administration of larger cities
b) Administration of transitional urban areas
c) Administration of towns with more than 1 lakh population
d) Administration of district-level urban areas
Answer: b) Administration of transitional urban areas
2. Which of the following is NOT a type of municipality in India?
a) Nagar Panchayat
b) Municipal Council
c) Municipal Corporation
d) Zila Parishad
Answer: d) Zila Parishad
3. Who is responsible for creating a Municipal Corporation in the Union Territories?
a) Ministry of Urban Development
b) Ministry of Defense
c) Ministry of Home Affairs
d) State Legislative Assemblies
Answer: c) Ministry of Home Affairs
4. Which of the following municipalities is meant for large urban areas like Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata?
a) Nagar Panchayat
b) Municipal Council
c) Municipal Corporation
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Municipal Corporation
5. What is the maximum population range for areas that come under a Municipal Council?
a) 20,000 to 1 lakh
b) 1 lakh to 10 lakh
c) 10 lakh to 50 lakh
d) Less than 20,000
Answer: b) 1 lakh to 10 lakh
6. What is the basis for the creation of Wards in a Municipality?
a) Financial status of the area
b) Area of the municipality
c) Population of the municipality
d) Size of the municipality’s economy
Answer: c) Population of the municipality
7. Which of the following is true regarding the election of the Chairperson of a Municipal Council?
a) Elected directly by the people
b) Elected by the members of the Municipal Council
c) Appointed by the Chief Minister
d) Appointed by the President of India
Answer: b) Elected by the members of the Municipal Council
8. Which of the following members does NOT have voting rights in a municipality?
a) Elected members
b) Persons with special knowledge of municipal administration
c) Lok Sabha members
d) Rajya Sabha members
Answer: b) Persons with special knowledge of municipal administration
9. What is the purpose of Wards Committees in municipalities?
a) To implement urban planning policies
b) To decentralize administration in larger municipalities
c) To represent special interest groups
d) To handle legal affairs of municipalities
Answer: b) To decentralize administration in larger municipalities
10. What is the minimum population requirement for the formation of Wards Committees in municipalities?
a) 1 lakh
b) 2 lakhs
c) 3 lakhs
d) 5 lakhs
Answer: c) 3 lakhs
11. Which of the following is true regarding the establishment of a Municipal Corporation?
a) It is established by the President of India.
b) It is established through the State Legislature Acts.
c) It is established by the Ministry of Urban Development.
d) It is established by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Answer: b) It is established through the State Legislature Acts.
12. Which of the following is responsible for the administration of smaller urban areas?
a) Nagar Panchayat
b) Municipal Council
c) Municipal Corporation
d) Panchayat Samiti
Answer: b) Municipal Council
13. The chairpersons of which of the following are also part of a municipality?
a) Wards Committees
b) Zila Parishad
c) Rajya Sabha
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Wards Committees
14. Which of the following is the correct term for the local government in towns and small cities?
a) Nagar Panchayat
b) Municipal Corporation
c) Municipal Council
d) Town Area Committee
Answer: c) Municipal Council
15. What is the main function of a Municipal Corporation?
a) Managing the state’s legal affairs
b) Providing services such as water, sanitation, and urban planning
c) Managing the state’s financial budget
d) Regulating rural agricultural activities
Answer: b) Providing services such as water, sanitation, and urban planning
16. Which of the following is a characteristic of a Nagar Panchayat?
a) It serves towns with populations above 1 lakh.
b) It is for areas transitioning from rural to urban.
c) It is meant for large metropolitan cities.
d) It is responsible for state-level governance.
Answer: b) It is for areas transitioning from rural to urban.
17. What is the minimum number of members required to form a Municipal Corporation?
a) 5 members
b) 10 members
c) 20 members
d) Depends on the size of the city
Answer: d) Depends on the size of the city
18. Who appoints the Chairperson of a Nagar Panchayat?
a) The state government
b) The members of the Nagar Panchayat
c) The President of India
d) The Ministry of Urban Development
Answer: b) The members of the Nagar Panchayat
19. Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of Municipalities in India?
a) Urban planning
b) Public health
c) Providing judicial services
d) Sanitation and waste management
Answer: c) Providing judicial services
20. Which is the legislative body for enacting laws related to municipalities in India?
a) Lok Sabha
b) Rajya Sabha
c) State Legislative Assemblies
d) Union Cabinet
Answer: c) State Legislative Assemblies
PART IXA : THE MUNICIPALITIES
Articles 243P to 243ZG in the Indian Constitution relate to the governance and administration of municipalities in India. These provisions, introduced by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, aim to establish a system of urban local governance and empower municipalities with a degree of autonomy and administrative authority. Below are the details of each article:
Article 243P: Definitions
This article defines key terms used in Part IXA, including terms such as municipality, municipal area, municipalities, Wards Committees, and others. These definitions help in understanding the jurisdiction, structure, and functioning of municipalities in India.
Article 243Q: Constitution of Municipalities
This article mandates the formation of municipalities for urban areas. It requires that every state must legislate for the constitution of municipal bodies for all cities and towns. Municipalities must be established in areas with a population of more than 10,000, as per the constitutional guidelines.
Article 243R: Composition of Municipalities
Article 243R deals with the composition of municipalities. Municipalities can be structured into:
Nagar Panchayats for transitional areas from rural to urban.
Municipal Councils for smaller urban areas.
Municipal Corporations for large urban areas.
The composition of the municipality is determined based on the population of the area. Members of a municipality are directly elected by the people from constituencies called wards.
Article 243S: Constitution and Composition of Wards Committees, etc.
This article allows the creation of Wards Committees within the territorial area of a municipality having a population of 3 lakh or more. These committees are formed to decentralize the administration and facilitate better governance in large urban areas.
Article 243T: Reservation of Seats
This article provides for the reservation of seats in municipalities for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women. The reservation of seats ensures adequate representation of these groups in urban governance. The provision also extends to Wards Committees.
Article 243U: Duration of Municipalities, etc.
The duration of a municipality is set to five years from the date of its first meeting, and the municipality can be dissolved earlier only if specified conditions occur. This article also provides guidelines on elections to municipal bodies.
Article 243V: Disqualifications for Membership
This article provides the grounds on which a person can be disqualified from becoming a member of a municipality. These may include bankruptcy, criminal conviction, or mental incapacity.
Article 243W: Powers, Authority, and Responsibilities of Municipalities
Article 243W confers specific powers, authorities, and responsibilities to municipalities to enable them to function effectively. Municipalities are empowered to:
Manage public health, sanitation, and urban planning
Regulate land-use and construction of buildings
Oversee education and economic development in urban areas
Provide basic services such as water supply, drainage, and roads
States are required to legislate for the delegation of these functions.
Article 243X: Power to Impose Taxes by, and Funds of, Municipalities
This article grants municipalities the power to impose taxes, such as property tax, tolls, and others. The revenue generated through these taxes is essential for the functioning of the municipality and for providing urban services. The funds of municipalities are also supplemented by grants-in-aid from the state government.
Article 243Y: Finance Commission
Article 243Y provides for the establishment of a State Finance Commission to review the financial position of municipalities. The Finance Commission’s recommendations regarding grants-in-aid and other financial matters help improve the financial health of local bodies.
Article 243Z: Audit of Accounts of Municipalities
This article mandates the regular audit of the accounts of municipalities by a competent authority. This ensures accountability and transparency in the financial management of municipalities.
Article 243ZA: Elections to Municipalities
This article directs the State Legislature to make provisions for conducting elections to municipal bodies. Elections are to be held on the basis of adult suffrage, with all citizens above the age of 18 eligible to vote.
Article 243ZB: Application to Union Territories
This article extends the provisions related to municipalities in Part IXA to Union Territories, with necessary modifications. It gives Union Territories the responsibility to establish municipal bodies for urban areas within their jurisdiction.
Article 243ZC: Part Not to Apply to Certain Areas
This article provides exemptions from the provisions of Part IXA for certain areas. It may apply to areas with special circumstances such as certain Tribal areas, or regions with specific administrative challenges.
Article 243ZD: Committee for District Planning
This article establishes a District Planning Committee at the district level to prepare a comprehensive development plan for the district. This committee must include representatives from urban local bodies, rural local bodies, and other stakeholders. The aim is to integrate urban and rural planning for overall regional development.
Article 243ZE: Committee for Metropolitan Planning
Article 243ZE deals with the establishment of a Metropolitan Planning Committee in metropolitan areas to formulate a development plan for urban agglomerations. This committee includes representatives from municipalities within the metropolitan area.
Article 243ZF: Continuance of Existing Laws and Municipalities
This article ensures the continuity of existing laws and the functioning of municipal bodies as they existed before the enactment of Part IXA. It provides that municipalities established by pre-existing laws continue to operate until new laws or systems are adopted.
Article 243ZG: Bar to Interference by Courts in Electoral Matters
Article 243ZG bars the interference of courts in the electoral matters of municipalities, except for the enforcement of fundamental rights. This article provides legal protection to the electoral processes of municipalities.
Summary
The Municipalities provisions under Part IXA empower urban local bodies to manage urban areas effectively. They lay out a framework for decentralizing governance, ensuring financial autonomy, and safeguarding the participation of marginalized groups. The establishment of planning committees for both districts and metropolitan areas ensures coordinated urban development in India.
20 important multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with answers based on Part IXA: The Municipalities:
1. Which part of the Indian Constitution deals with Municipalities?
A) Part IX
B) Part IXA
C) Part X
D) Part VII
Answer: B) Part IXA
2. The 74th Amendment of the Indian Constitution was passed in which year?
A) 1990
B) 1991
C) 1992
D) 1993
Answer: C) 1992
3. Which of the following is NOT a type of Municipality as per the Indian Constitution?
A) Nagar Panchayat
B) Municipal Council
C) Municipal Corporation
D) Municipal Authority
Answer: D) Municipal Authority
4. Under Article 243Q, the Constitution of Municipalities is mandated for areas with a population of:
A) 1,00,000 or more
B) 5,00,000 or more
C) 10,000 or more
D) 1,000 or more
Answer: C) 10,000 or more
5. Which article of the Constitution deals with the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in municipalities?
A) Article 243S
B) Article 243T
C) Article 243X
D) Article 243W
Answer: B) Article 243T
6. What is the maximum duration of a Municipality, according to Article 243U?
A) 3 years
B) 5 years
C) 7 years
D) 10 years
Answer: B) 5 years
7. According to Article 243V, who can be disqualified for membership in a Municipality?
A) A person with a criminal record
B) A person unable to pay taxes
C) A person having dual citizenship
D) A person above 70 years of age
Answer: A) A person with a criminal record
8. Who has the power to impose taxes and control the funds of municipalities as per Article 243X?
A) State Government
B) Municipalities
C) Central Government
D) Finance Commission
Answer: B) Municipalities
9. Which of the following bodies is responsible for the audit of municipal accounts?
A) Comptroller and Auditor General
B) State Finance Commission
C) Municipal Finance Commission
D) The Municipal Auditor
Answer: A) Comptroller and Auditor General
10. What is the minimum population required for a Municipality to have Wards Committees under Article 243S?
A) 1 lakh
B) 3 lakh
C) 5 lakh
D) 10 lakh
Answer: B) 3 lakh
11. Who is responsible for the elections of municipalities according to Article 243ZA?
A) Central Election Commission
B) State Election Commission
C) President of India
D) Chief Minister of the State
Answer: B) State Election Commission
12. Which committee is responsible for preparing district-level development plans as per Article 243ZD?
A) District Planning Committee
B) Metropolitan Planning Committee
C) Zila Parishad Committee
D) State Planning Committee
Answer: A) District Planning Committee
13. Which article provides for the formation of a Committee for Metropolitan Planning?
A) Article 243ZA
B) Article 243ZE
C) Article 243ZC
D) Article 243ZG
Answer: B) Article 243ZE
14. Which of the following is NOT a function of municipalities under Article 243W?
A) Urban planning
B) Regulation of land use
C) Managing the police force
D) Public health and sanitation
Answer: C) Managing the police force
15. The 12th Schedule of the Constitution, which deals with the functions of municipalities, consists of how many items?
A) 10
B) 12
C) 18
D) 20
Answer: C) 18
16. According to Article 243ZG, courts cannot interfere in the electoral matters of municipalities except in cases related to:
A) Fundamental Rights
B) Corruption
C) Criminal convictions
D) Public health issues
Answer: A) Fundamental Rights
17. Who has the power to make laws for municipalities in Union Territories?
A) Parliament
B) State Legislature
C) Governor of the UT
D) Chief Minister of the UT
Answer: A) Parliament
18. Which article of the Constitution provides for the creation of a Finance Commission for municipalities?
A) Article 243X
B) Article 243Y
C) Article 243Z
D) Article 243ZB
Answer: B) Article 243Y
19. What is the minimum population required for a Nagar Panchayat according to the Constitution?
A) 5,000
B) 10,000
C) 15,000
D) 20,000
Answer: B) 10,000
20. Which article deals with the bar on interference by courts in electoral matters related to municipalities?
A) Article 243ZG
B) Article 243ZA
C) Article 243ZB
D) Article 243ZC
Answer: A) Article 243ZG
