Freedom Struggle 1929 to 1940

Lahore Session (1929) of the Indian National Congress

The Lahore Session of 1929 holds immense historical significance in India’s freedom struggle as it marked a pivotal turning point in the fight against British colonial rule. The key highlights of this session are as follows:

Date and Location

The session was held from December 29–31, 1929 in Lahore (now in Pakistan).

It was the annual session of the Indian National Congress (INC).

Presidentship

The session was presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, who was one of the prominent leaders of the Indian freedom struggle. His election as the Congress president symbolized the rise of younger and more radical leaders within the party.

Resolution for Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence)

The Congress officially passed a resolution declaring ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence) as the ultimate goal of the national movement.

This was a departure from earlier demands, such as dominion status within the British Empire. The resolution was a clear rejection of British rule and reflected the growing sentiment of discontent among Indians.

Adoption of the Tricolor Flag

On December 31, 1929, the newly adopted tricolor flag of India was unfurled.

The flag consisted of three horizontal stripes (saffron, white, and green) with the spinning wheel (Charkha) in the center, symbolizing self-reliance and swadeshi (Indian-made goods).

Declaration of Independence Day

The Congress decided to observe January 26 as Independence Day every year.

It was a symbolic day to celebrate freedom and encourage Indians to pledge non-cooperation with British rule.

On January 26, 1930, the first Independence Day was celebrated across the country by hoisting the national flag and holding public meetings.

Call to Reject British Rule

The resolution urged the people of India to not submit to British rule and to work towards achieving complete independence.

The Congress emphasized the need for mass civil disobedience and non-cooperation as a means to achieve freedom.

Significance of the Lahore Session

The Lahore Session formalized the goal of complete independence, galvanizing the Indian population towards the ultimate aim of sovereignty.

It laid the foundation for the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) launched by Mahatma Gandhi with the iconic Dandi March.

Although India achieved independence on August 15, 1947, January 26 continued to hold significance. It was on this date in 1950 that the Constitution of India came into effect, and India became a republic.

The Lahore Session of 1929 stands as a defining moment in India’s struggle for freedom, marking a shift in strategy and a clear articulation of the nation’s ultimate aspiration—complete independence from British colonial rule.

MCQs on Lahore Session (1929) of the Indian National Congress

1. Who presided over the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress in 1929?

A. Mahatma Gandhi
B. Jawaharlal Nehru
C. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
D. Subhas Chandra Bose
Answer: B. Jawaharlal Nehru
Explanation: Jawaharlal Nehru was elected as the president of the Congress during this session, representing the younger and more radical faction within the party.

2. What was the primary resolution passed at the Lahore Session of 1929?

A. Dominion status for India
B. Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence)
C. Non-Cooperation Movement
D. Quit India Movement
Answer: B. Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence)
Explanation: The session declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) as the ultimate goal of the Indian National Congress for the first time.

3. On which date was the tricolor flag of India unfurled at the Lahore Session?

A. December 29, 1929
B. December 30, 1929
C. December 31, 1929
D. January 1, 1930
Answer: C. December 31, 1929
Explanation: The newly adopted tricolor flag, symbolizing independence and self-reliance, was unfurled on December 31, 1929.

4. What does the term “Poorna Swaraj” mean?

A. Self-rule
B. Complete Independence
C. Partial autonomy
D. Civil Disobedience
Answer: B. Complete Independence
Explanation: “Poorna Swaraj” translates to “Complete Independence,” signifying the goal of total freedom from British rule.

5. Which day was declared as Independence Day during the Lahore Session?

A. January 1
B. January 26
C. August 15
D. October 2
Answer: B. January 26
Explanation: January 26 was declared as Independence Day to celebrate the goal of complete independence and urge Indians to reject British rule.

6. What symbol was included in the tricolor flag adopted at the Lahore Session?

A. Lotus
B. Spinning Wheel (Charkha)
C. Lion
D. Peacock
Answer: B. Spinning Wheel (Charkha)
Explanation: The spinning wheel (Charkha) symbolized self-reliance and swadeshi, aligning with the principles of the Indian freedom struggle.

7. Which significant movement followed the Lahore Session of 1929?

A. Non-Cooperation Movement
B. Civil Disobedience Movement
C. Quit India Movement
D. Khilafat Movement
Answer: B. Civil Disobedience Movement
Explanation: The declaration of Poorna Swaraj led to the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930, starting with the Dandi March.

8. Why was January 26 chosen as a symbolic date for Independence Day?

A. It marked the beginning of the Non-Cooperation Movement
B. It was the date of the Lahore Session’s conclusion
C. To commemorate the adoption of Poorna Swaraj
D. It coincided with the birthday of Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer: C. To commemorate the adoption of Poorna Swaraj
Explanation: January 26 was chosen to honor the resolution of Poorna Swaraj passed at the Lahore Session.

9. What was the ultimate goal declared by the Indian National Congress in the Lahore Session of 1929?

A. Dominion status
B. Complete Independence
C. Representation in the British Parliament
D. Home Rule
Answer: B. Complete Independence
Explanation: The resolution explicitly rejected dominion status and declared complete independence as the ultimate objective.

10. How is January 26, 1930, commemorated in modern India?

A. As the day India became independent
B. As the day India became a republic
C. As the adoption date of the Indian Constitution
D. As Republic Day
Answer: D. As Republic Day
Explanation: While independence was achieved on August 15, 1947, January 26 was chosen as Republic Day in 1950 to honor the Lahore Session’s significance.

Civil Disobedience Movement: Phase I

The Civil Disobedience Movement was one of the most significant movements of the Indian freedom struggle, initiated under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi to achieve Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence). The movement’s first phase was marked by a strategic act of defiance against British laws, starting with the famous Dandi March.

Background

At the Lahore Session of 1929, the Indian National Congress declared Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) as its ultimate goal.

On January 31, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent an ultimatum to Lord Irwin (the then Viceroy of India) listing 11 demands, including:

Reduction in land revenue and abolition of the salt tax.

Reduction in military expenditure and civil services salaries.

Prohibition of alcohol.

Release of political prisoners.

Reduction in the exchange rate of the rupee.

Abolition of the salt monopoly and government control over salt.

Gandhi warned that failure to meet these demands would result in the launch of a nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement.

The Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement

British Government’s Response: The demands were ignored by the British government.

On March 12, 1930, Gandhi began the Dandi March, a 24-day journey from the Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi (a distance of about 240 miles).

Gandhi was accompanied by 78 followers, who were called his Satyagrahis.

Breaking the Salt Act

On April 6, 1930, at Dandi, Gandhi defied the British Salt Law by making salt from seawater.

The Salt Act prohibited Indians from collecting, manufacturing, or selling salt independently, forcing them to buy heavily taxed salt from the British government.

Key Features of Phase I

Mass Participation:

The movement inspired widespread mass participation from all sections of Indian society, including women, students, and peasants.

People across the country broke salt laws, boycotted British goods, refused to pay taxes, and organized peaceful protests.

Expansion of Protests:

The movement extended to other forms of nonviolent defiance, such as:

Boycott of foreign cloth and liquor.

Nonpayment of land revenue and taxes.

Resignation from government jobs.

Role of Women:

Women like Kasturba Gandhi, Sarojini Naidu, and many others actively participated by picketing shops selling foreign goods and joining protests.

Government Repression:

The British responded with harsh measures, including lathi charges, mass arrests, and the imposition of martial law in some areas.

Gandhi himself was arrested on May 5, 1930, which further fueled public anger.

Global Impact:

The movement drew widespread attention internationally, highlighting the injustice of British rule in India.

Outcome of Phase I

The first phase of the movement was temporarily halted with the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact on March 5, 1931.

As per the agreement:

The British government agreed to release political prisoners.

Indians were permitted to collect and make salt.

Gandhi agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London as the Congress representative.

Significance

The Civil Disobedience Movement marked a paradigm shift in the Indian struggle for independence, as it directly challenged the authority of the British government.

It was a mass movement that unified diverse sections of Indian society in their quest for freedom and justice.

Although the immediate demands were not met, the movement weakened the moral and political legitimacy of British rule in India and laid the foundation for future movements like the Quit India Movement (1942).

The first phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement remains a testament to Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolent resistance (Satyagraha) and the resilience of the Indian people in their fight for independence.

MCQs on Phase I of the Civil Disobedience Movement

1. What was the primary goal of the Civil Disobedience Movement launched in 1930?

A. Dominion Status for India
B. Removal of the Salt Tax
C. Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence)
D. Abolition of the Jallianwala Bagh Act
Answer: C. Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence)
Explanation: The movement was aimed at achieving complete independence, as declared in the Lahore Session of 1929.

2. Which event marked the formal beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement?

A. Non-Cooperation Movement
B. Gandhi’s Ultimatum to Lord Irwin
C. Dandi March
D. Quit India Resolution
Answer: C. Dandi March
Explanation: The movement officially began on March 12, 1930, when Gandhi and 78 followers started the Dandi March to break the Salt Law.

3. How many demands were listed in Gandhi’s ultimatum to Lord Irwin on January 31, 1930?

A. 10
B. 11
C. 12
D. 15
Answer: B. 11
Explanation: Gandhi sent a letter to Lord Irwin with 11 demands, including the abolition of the salt tax and reduction in land revenue.

4. From where did Gandhi and his followers start the Dandi March?

A. Wardha
B. Sabarmati Ashram
C. Bombay
D. Sevagram
Answer: B. Sabarmati Ashram
Explanation: The march started from Sabarmati Ashram and ended in Dandi, covering a distance of approximately 240 miles.

5. On which date did Gandhi break the Salt Act at Dandi?

A. March 12, 1930
B. April 6, 1930
C. May 5, 1930
D. January 26, 1930
Answer: B. April 6, 1930
Explanation: Gandhi reached Dandi on April 6, 1930, and broke the Salt Act by making salt from seawater.

6. What did the Salt Act, challenged during the Civil Disobedience Movement, symbolize?

A. The Indian economy’s freedom
B. The oppressive policies of British rule
C. British control over Indian markets
D. The financial independence of Indian farmers
Answer: B. The oppressive policies of British rule
Explanation: The Salt Act symbolized British exploitation, as it imposed a tax on a basic necessity, making salt a rallying point for resistance.

7. How many followers initially accompanied Gandhi during the Dandi March?

A. 78
B. 108
C. 50
D. 100
Answer: A. 78
Explanation: Gandhi was joined by 78 handpicked volunteers, known as Satyagrahis, who marched with him to Dandi.

8. Which agreement led to the temporary suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement in its first phase?

A. Gandhi-Irwin Pact
B. Lucknow Pact
C. Poona Pact
D. Round Table Conference Resolution
Answer: A. Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Explanation: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, signed on March 5, 1931, led to the suspension of the movement and included concessions like the release of political prisoners.

9. What was the primary method used by Gandhi during the Civil Disobedience Movement?

A. Violent protests
B. Armed resistance
C. Nonviolent resistance (Satyagraha)
D. Electoral reforms
Answer: C. Nonviolent resistance (Satyagraha)
Explanation: Gandhi advocated nonviolence and civil disobedience to challenge British laws and policies.

10. What was the international impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement?

A. No significant impact
B. It inspired independence movements in other colonies
C. It led to India’s immediate independence
D. It led to British withdrawal from Indian trade
Answer: B. It inspired independence movements in other colonies
Explanation: The movement drew global attention to India’s struggle for independence and inspired anti-colonial movements in other parts of the world.

First Round Table Conference (1930)

The First Round Table Conference was a significant political event that took place in London from November 12, 1930, to January 19, 1931. It was organized to discuss constitutional reforms for India as a follow-up to the Simon Commission Report, which had been widely criticized by Indian leaders. Here are the key details about the conference:

Background:

The Simon Commission (1927), set up by the British government, faced boycotts from most Indian political parties, especially the Indian National Congress (INC), because it had no Indian members.

Following this, the British government decided to hold a conference to include Indian perspectives in discussions about constitutional reforms.

Key Features:

Equality between British and Indian Representatives:

The conference was unique as it treated Indians as equals to the British in discussions, a significant shift in colonial negotiations.

Participants:

The Indian National Congress (INC), the largest political party in India, boycotted the conference as it was in the midst of the Civil Disobedience Movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi.

Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals, and other minority groups participated.

Representatives included:

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim League).

Tej Bahadur Sapru and B. R. Ambedkar (representing Dalits).

Ramsay MacDonald (British Prime Minister) chaired the conference.

Agenda:

To discuss the recommendations of the Simon Commission.

Focused on constitutional reforms for India, including provincial autonomy, safeguards for minorities, and the role of the central government.

Outcome:

The conference failed to achieve consensus due to the absence of the Indian National Congress, which was the primary representative of the Indian masses.

The British government realized that no significant constitutional reform could be implemented without the involvement of the Congress.

Significance:

Acknowledgment of Indian Participation:

Marked the first time Indians were included as equals in discussions on their country’s governance.

Paved the Way for the Second Round Table Conference:

The failure of the first conference highlighted the need for INC’s participation, leading to the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 1931) and Gandhi’s subsequent participation in the Second Round Table Conference.

Representation of Minorities:

Highlighted issues related to minority rights, including those of Muslims and Dalits, which became central topics in subsequent discussions.

Conclusion:

While the First Round Table Conference did not lead to immediate reforms, it set the stage for future negotiations between the British government and Indian leaders. The absence of the INC, however, limited its effectiveness and underscored the importance of the Congress in India’s freedom struggle.

MCQs on the First Round Table Conference (1930)

1. When was the First Round Table Conference held?

A. 1929
B. 1930
C. 1931
D. 1932
Answer: B. 1930
Explanation: The First Round Table Conference was held from November 12, 1930, to January 19, 1931, in London.

2. What was the main objective of the First Round Table Conference?

A. To grant immediate independence to India
B. To discuss the recommendations of the Simon Commission
C. To introduce federal governance in India
D. To abolish the Salt Act
Answer: B. To discuss the recommendations of the Simon Commission
Explanation: The conference was convened to deliberate on the Simon Commission’s report and discuss constitutional reforms for India.

3. Which major political party in India boycotted the First Round Table Conference?

A. Muslim League
B. Hindu Mahasabha
C. Indian National Congress
D. Liberal Party
Answer: C. Indian National Congress
Explanation: The INC boycotted the conference as it was engaged in the Civil Disobedience Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.

4. Who was the British Prime Minister who chaired the First Round Table Conference?

A. Winston Churchill
B. Clement Attlee
C. Ramsay MacDonald
D. Neville Chamberlain
Answer: C. Ramsay MacDonald
Explanation: The British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald chaired the conference, aiming to include Indian perspectives on constitutional reforms.

5. Which prominent leader represented the Dalit community at the First Round Table Conference?

A. Mahatma Gandhi
B. Jawaharlal Nehru
C. B. R. Ambedkar
D. Sardar Patel
Answer: C. B. R. Ambedkar
Explanation: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar represented the Dalit community and raised issues related to the rights of the depressed classes.

6. What was the major outcome of the First Round Table Conference?

A. Complete agreement on constitutional reforms
B. Agreement to abolish the Salt Act
C. Failure due to the absence of INC
D. Formation of the federal government in India
Answer: C. Failure due to the absence of INC
Explanation: The absence of the Indian National Congress, the primary representative of Indian masses, led to the conference’s failure.

7. Which of the following groups participated in the First Round Table Conference?

A. Only the Indian National Congress
B. Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, and Liberals
C. Only British officials
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, and Liberals
Explanation: While the INC boycotted the conference, groups like the Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, and Liberals participated.

8. The First Round Table Conference was primarily a response to which of the following events?

A. Civil Disobedience Movement
B. Non-Cooperation Movement
C. Simon Commission Report
D. Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Answer: C. Simon Commission Report
Explanation: The conference was held to discuss the constitutional reforms suggested by the Simon Commission.

9. What did the First Round Table Conference signify in terms of Indian representation?

A. Indians were not allowed to participate
B. It treated Indians and British as equals
C. Only British officials made decisions
D. Indians were forced to agree to British terms
Answer: B. It treated Indians and British as equals
Explanation: The conference marked the first time Indians were treated as equals in discussions about their country’s governance.

10. Which subsequent event was directly influenced by the failure of the First Round Table Conference?

A. Quit India Movement
B. Second Round Table Conference
C. Formation of the Indian Constitution
D. Cripps Mission
Answer: B. Second Round Table Conference
Explanation: The failure of the first conference led to the realization that the INC’s participation was essential, paving the way for the Second Round Table Conference in 1931.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, signed on March 5, 1931, was an important agreement between the British Government, represented by Lord Irwin (Viceroy of India), and the Indian National Congress (INC), represented by Mahatma Gandhi. It marked a temporary truce during India’s struggle for independence and aimed to create a conducive environment for negotiations.

Key Provisions of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact:

Civil Disobedience Movement Called Off:

The INC agreed to suspend the ongoing Civil Disobedience Movement, including protests like the Salt Satyagraha.

Participation in the Second Round Table Conference:

The INC agreed to participate in the Second Round Table Conference in London, which was scheduled for September 1931.

Concessions by the British Government:

The government agreed to release political prisoners arrested during the Civil Disobedience Movement.

It allowed coastal villages to make salt for personal consumption, which was a key issue raised by the Salt Satyagraha.

The government agreed to return confiscated property of activists (to the extent possible).

Restrictions on peaceful civil protests were relaxed.

Significance of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact:

Recognition of Indian Demands:

The pact acknowledged the legitimacy of some Indian demands, marking a significant step in the freedom struggle.

Strengthening Gandhi’s Leadership:

Mahatma Gandhi’s position as the foremost leader of the Indian independence movement was solidified.

Set the Stage for Negotiations:

It paved the way for the Second Round Table Conference, where Gandhi represented the Indian National Congress.

Second Round Table Conference (1931)

The Second Round Table Conference was held in London from September 7 to December 1, 1931. It was attended by Mahatma Gandhi, representing the INC, as a result of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. However, it ended in failure due to disagreements on key issues.

Key Features of the Second Round Table Conference:

Gandhi as INC Representative:

Gandhi was the sole representative of the INC, while other groups, including Muslims, Dalits, and Anglo-Indians, were represented by their respective leaders.

Deadlock on Minority Issues:

Discussions stalled as minority groups, including Muslims, Depressed Classes (Dalits), Indian Christians, and Anglo-Indians, demanded separate electorates.

Gandhi strongly opposed the idea of separate electorates for Depressed Classes, arguing it would divide Indian society.

British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald’s Role:

Ramsay MacDonald presided over the conference but failed to bring the parties to a consensus.

The conference concluded without any concrete resolution, particularly on the minorities issue.

Outcome of the Second Round Table Conference:

No Agreement Reached:

The conference ended in failure, primarily because of disagreements over the representation of minorities.

Return of Gandhi to India:

Gandhi returned to India disheartened, only to find the British government clamping down on nationalist activities.

Restart of the Civil Disobedience Movement:

The failure of the Second Round Table Conference and subsequent repressive measures by the British led to the resumption of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Significance of These Events:

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact demonstrated the possibility of negotiation and compromise between the British and Indian leaders, even if temporary.

The failure of the Second Round Table Conference highlighted the deep divisions within Indian society, particularly on the issue of minority representation.

These events marked a critical phase in India’s struggle for independence, showcasing the determination of Indian leaders to fight for their rights despite setbacks.

10 Important MCQs on Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) and Second Round Table Conference

Question 1

Who represented the Indian National Congress in the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
A) Jawaharlal Nehru
B) Subhas Chandra Bose
C) Mahatma Gandhi
D) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Answer: C) Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931, between Mahatma Gandhi (representing the INC) and Lord Irwin (the Viceroy of India).

Question 2

What was one of the key provisions of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
A) Establishment of Dominion Status for India
B) Complete Independence for India
C) Suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement
D) Introduction of Separate Electorates

Answer: C) Suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement
Explanation: As part of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, the Indian National Congress agreed to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question 3 When was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed?
A) March 5, 1929
B) March 5, 1930
C) March 5, 1931
D) March 5, 1932

Answer: C) March 5, 1931
Explanation: The pact was signed on March 5, 1931, to bring about a temporary truce between the British Government and the INC.

Question 4 What right was granted to the coastal villages as part of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
A) The right to export salt
B) The right to make salt for consumption
C) The right to cultivate cotton
D) The right to import goods tax-free

Answer: B) The right to make salt for consumption
Explanation: The British Government allowed coastal villages to make salt for personal consumption, a demand raised by the Salt Satyagraha.

Question 5 Where was the Second Round Table Conference held?
A) New Delhi
B) Lahore
C) London
D) Bombay

Answer: C) London
Explanation: The Second Round Table Conference was held in London from September 7 to December 1, 1931.

Question 6 Who represented the INC at the Second Round Table Conference?
A) Jawaharlal Nehru
B) Mahatma Gandhi
C) Subhas Chandra Bose
D) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Answer: B) Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation: Gandhi was the sole representative of the Indian National Congress at the Second Round Table Conference.

Question 7 What major issue led to the failure of the Second Round Table Conference?
A) Demand for Dominion Status
B) Disagreement over separate electorates for minorities
C) Refusal of INC to participate
D) British rejection of complete independence

Answer: B) Disagreement over separate electorates for minorities
Explanation: The conference was deadlocked as minorities, including Muslims and Depressed Classes, demanded separate electorates, which Gandhi opposed.

Question 8 Who was the British Prime Minister during the Second Round Table Conference?
A) Winston Churchill
B) Ramsay MacDonald
C) Clement Attlee
D) Neville Chamberlain

Answer: B) Ramsay MacDonald
Explanation: Ramsay MacDonald was the British Prime Minister and presided over the Second Round Table Conference.

Question 9 What was the outcome of the Second Round Table Conference?
A) Complete Independence for India
B) An agreement on Dominion Status
C) No significant resolution on key issues
D) Introduction of a new constitution for India

Answer: C) No significant resolution on key issues
Explanation: The conference ended without any resolution due to disagreements on minority representation and separate electorates.

Question 10 What happened after Gandhi returned to India from the Second Round Table Conference?
A) Civil Disobedience Movement was resumed
B) Gandhi-Irwin Pact was renegotiated
C) India gained Dominion Status
D) Separate electorates were abolished

Answer: A) Civil Disobedience Movement was resumed
Explanation: After the failure of the Second Round Table Conference, Gandhi returned to India and resumed the Civil Disobedience Movement due to the continued repressive measures of the British Government.

Phase II of the Civil Disobedience Movement (1932-1934)

After the failure of the Second Round Table Conference (1931), the Indian National Congress decided to resume the Civil Disobedience Movement. This phase marked a significant escalation in the nationalist struggle against British rule and demonstrated the determination of the Indian masses to achieve independence.

Background

The Second Round Table Conference ended in December 1931 without resolving the critical issues of Indian self-governance.

Upon returning to India, Mahatma Gandhi was disillusioned by the British government’s lack of commitment and the repressive measures being implemented to suppress dissent.

Lord Willingdon, the then Viceroy of India, adopted a harsh policy against the Congress and the freedom struggle, leading to widespread arrests and suppression of civil liberties.

Key Features of Phase II

Resumption of the Civil Disobedience Movement (January 1932):

The Indian National Congress officially announced the recommencement of the movement, urging people to continue boycotting British goods, institutions, and laws.

Salt Satyagraha was revived, along with non-payment of taxes and protests against British authority.

Repression by the British Government:

The British administration responded with brutal repression, including:

The arrest of Gandhi and other prominent Congress leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, and Rajendra Prasad.

Widespread use of lathi charges, firing, and arrests to suppress protests.

Declaring Congress an illegal organization and confiscating its properties.

Role of Women and Youth:

Women and young people actively participated in picketing liquor shops, foreign goods shops, and government offices.

Leaders like Sarojini Naidu and Kasturba Gandhi inspired women’s participation in protests.

Protests Across the Country:

The movement spread to towns, villages, and rural areas, uniting the Indian population against British exploitation.

Farmers refused to pay land revenue and taxes in many regions.

Decline of the Movement (1933-1934):

With the arrest of most senior Congress leaders, the movement began to lose momentum.

The British used repressive measures and propaganda to weaken the morale of protesters.

By 1934, Gandhi formally called off the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Impact of Phase II

Failure to Achieve Immediate Objectives:

Despite massive participation, the movement failed to achieve its immediate aim of securing Indian independence or significant political concessions from the British.

Significant Contributions to the Freedom Struggle:

It united Indians from diverse backgrounds and instilled a sense of political awakening and national pride.

The participation of women, peasants, and youth further broadened the base of the nationalist struggle.

Strengthened the Resolve of the Nation:

Although the movement ended in 1934, it demonstrated the resilience and determination of the Indian people to fight against British colonialism.

Focus Shifted to Constitutional Reforms:

The failure of the Civil Disobedience Movement led to a temporary shift in focus to constitutional means of negotiation, eventually leading to the Government of India Act, 1935.

Significance of Phase II

The second phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement served as a bridge between the mass movements of the 1920s and the final struggle for independence in the 1940s.

It highlighted the strength of non-violent resistance and exposed the limitations of British authority in suppressing the united will of the Indian people.

This phase, despite its challenges and eventual suspension, remains a vital chapter in India’s freedom struggle.

10 Important MCQs on Phase II of the Civil Disobedience Movement

1. When was Phase II of the Civil Disobedience Movement launched?
A) 1930
B) 1931
C) 1932
D) 1933

Answer: C) 1932
Explanation: After the failure of the Second Round Table Conference in December 1931, the Indian National Congress resumed the Civil Disobedience Movement in January 1932.

2. Who was the Viceroy of India during Phase II of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
A) Lord Irwin
B) Lord Willingdon
C) Lord Linlithgow
D) Lord Chelmsford

Answer: B) Lord Willingdon
Explanation: Lord Willingdon was the Viceroy during this period and adopted harsh measures to suppress the movement.

3. What was the main cause for the resumption of the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1932?
A) Gandhi’s arrest
B) Failure of the Simon Commission
C) Repressive policies of Lord Irwin
D) Failure of the Second Round Table Conference

Answer: D) Failure of the Second Round Table Conference
Explanation: The Second Round Table Conference ended in a deadlock over the minority representation issue, prompting Gandhi and the Congress to resume the movement.

4. What was declared illegal by the British government during the movement?
A) Salt Act
B) Indian National Congress
C) Round Table Conferences
D) Boycott of British goods

Answer: B) Indian National Congress
Explanation: The British government declared the Indian National Congress an illegal organization and confiscated its properties.

5. Which prominent leaders were arrested during Phase II of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
A) Subhas Chandra Bose and Bhagat Singh
B) Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Patel
C) B.R. Ambedkar and Rajendra Prasad
D) Annie Besant and Sarojini Naidu

Answer: B) Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Patel
Explanation: The British government arrested key Congress leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru, and Patel, to suppress the movement.

6. Which sections of society actively participated in Phase II of the movement?
A) Only men
B) Only upper-class leaders
C) Women, youth, and peasants
D) British officials

Answer: C) Women, youth, and peasants
Explanation: Women like Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, and many others, along with peasants and youth, played a significant role in the movement.

7. What key activity was revived during Phase II of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
A) Quit India Movement
B) Swadeshi Movement
C) Salt Satyagraha
D) Partition of Bengal

Answer: C) Salt Satyagraha
Explanation: The Salt Satyagraha was revived during Phase II, as people protested against the oppressive Salt Laws.

8. Why did the movement gradually decline after 1933?
A) The British accepted the demands of the Congress
B) Gandhi called it off due to lack of support
C) Severe repression by the British and arrest of leaders
D) The INC split into two factions

Answer: C) Severe repression by the British and arrest of leaders
Explanation: Harsh repressive measures, including arrests and confiscation of properties, led to the gradual decline of the movement.

9. When was the Civil Disobedience Movement officially called off by Gandhi?
A) 1932
B) 1933
C) 1934
D) 1935

Answer: C) 1934
Explanation: The movement was officially suspended in 1934 due to its declining momentum and the inability to achieve its immediate goals.

10. What was a significant long-term impact of Phase II of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
A) Immediate independence for India
B) Strengthened unity among Indians
C) British withdrawal from India
D) Division among Indian political parties

Answer: B) Strengthened unity among Indians
Explanation: Although the movement failed to achieve independence, it unified Indians across different classes and regions, strengthening the nationalist spirit.

The Communal Award (August 1932)

The Communal Award, announced by the British Prime Minister Ramsay McDonald in August 1932, was a significant development in British India’s political landscape. It marked an effort by the British government to create a deeper divide between various religious and social communities in India, a typical “divide and rule” policy. The Award was essentially a proposal for the representation of different communities in the legislative bodies of British India.

Key Features of the Communal Award

Representation for Various Groups:
The Communal Award proposed separate electorates and representation in the legislature for several communities. These included:

Muslims

Sikhs

Indian Christians

Anglo-Indians

Women

Backward Classes (Depressed Classes)

Separate Electorates for Depressed Classes:
The Award was particularly controversial due to its provision for a separate electorate for the Depressed Classes (also referred to as the Untouchables, later known as the Scheduled Castes). This provision was seen as an attempt to further divide the Indian society along caste lines.

Gandhi’s Opposition:
Mahatma Gandhi, who was imprisoned at Yeravada Jail in Pune at the time, strongly opposed the Communal Award, particularly the separate electorate for the Depressed Classes. Gandhi believed that the division of the Depressed Classes from the rest of the Hindu community would only worsen caste discrimination and create more social rifts. In protest, he started a fast unto death on September 20, 1932.

The Poona Pact (September 25, 1932)

Following Gandhi’s fast, widespread protests and political debates arose across India. Gandhi’s fast became a pivotal point in Indian politics and forced the British government to find a resolution.

Political Mobilization and Leaders’ Involvement:

Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R. Ambedkar, and M.C. Rajah were some of the key leaders who played an active role during this period.

These leaders represented the interests of different communities, especially the Depressed Classes, and actively engaged in negotiations.

The Pact Agreement:

The Poona Pact was reached on September 25, 1932, after Gandhi’s fast was called off on the sixth day.

The Pact led to the abandonment of separate electorates for the Depressed Classes. However, the number of seats reserved for them in the provincial legislatures was increased.

Joint electorates were established, where members of the Depressed Classes could vote for candidates from the broader Hindu community, but they would still have a special representation.

Significance of the Poona Pact:

The Poona Pact marked a significant compromise between Gandhi and Ambedkar. Gandhi agreed to give up the separate electorates for the Depressed Classes, which had been a major point of contention.

The Pact helped to unite the Hindus and also marked a victory for the Depressed Classes, as they gained more representation than before.

Impact and Consequences of the Communal Award and Poona Pact

“Divide and Rule” Strategy:
The Communal Award was a clear example of the British government’s divide and rule policy, which sought to create political divisions based on religion and caste in order to weaken the nationalist movement.

Strengthened Social Awareness:
Gandhi’s fast and the subsequent Poona Pact led to increased awareness and solidarity between different sections of Indian society, especially concerning the rights of the Depressed Classes.

Political Consequences:

The Poona Pact ultimately led to greater political unity within the Hindu community, as it avoided the permanent division of Hindus into separate electorates.

It also gave Ambedkar and other leaders of the Depressed Classes a significant political victory by securing more seats in the legislatures.

Conclusion

The Communal Award was a pivotal event that illustrated the British government’s attempts to perpetuate divisions in Indian society. However, the resulting Poona Pact marked a significant turning point, as it not only resolved a major political crisis but also addressed social issues related to the Depressed Classes. The Pact remains an important historical agreement that contributed to shaping the political landscape of pre-independence India.

10 Important MCQs on The Communal Award and Poona Pact (1932)

1. Who announced the Communal Award in 1932?
A) Lord Irwin
B) Ramsay McDonald
C) Winston Churchill
D) Viceroy of India

Answer: B) Ramsay McDonald
Explanation: The Communal Award was announced by British Prime Minister Ramsay McDonald in August 1932 to address the representation of various communities in the legislative bodies of British India.

2. Which of the following communities was given separate electorates by the Communal Award?
A) Muslims
B) Hindus
C) Depressed Classes (Untouchables)
D) Sikhs

Answer: C) Depressed Classes (Untouchables)
Explanation: The Communal Award proposed separate electorates for the Depressed Classes, which led to significant opposition from Mahatma Gandhi.

3. Why did Mahatma Gandhi oppose the Communal Award?
A) It granted separate electorates to Muslims
B) It promoted the division of Indian society along caste lines
C) It favored the British over Indians
D) It did not give enough representation to women

Answer: B) It promoted the division of Indian society along caste lines
Explanation: Gandhi opposed the Communal Award because it proposed separate electorates for the Depressed Classes, which he believed would deepen caste divisions within Hindu society.

4. What action did Gandhi take to protest against the Communal Award?
A) He organized a nationwide strike
B) He launched a Salt March
C) He started a fast unto death
D) He called for an armed rebellion

Answer: C) He started a fast unto death
Explanation: In protest against the separate electorate for the Depressed Classes, Gandhi started a fast unto death from September 20, 1932.

5. What was the outcome of Gandhi’s fast during the Communal Award crisis?
A) The separate electorate for Muslims was removed
B) The fast ended with the signing of the Poona Pact
C) Gandhi agreed to join the Round Table Conference
D) British government accepted all of Gandhi’s demands

Answer: B) The fast ended with the signing of the Poona Pact
Explanation: Gandhi’s fast ended after the Poona Pact was signed on September 25, 1932, which resolved the issue of separate electorates for the Depressed Classes.

6. Who were the key leaders involved in the negotiations leading to the Poona Pact?
A) Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel
B) Madan Mohan Malviya and B.R. Ambedkar
C) Subhas Chandra Bose and Lala Lajpat Rai
D) Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Answer: B) Madan Mohan Malviya and B.R. Ambedkar
Explanation: Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R. Ambedkar, and Gandhi were among the key leaders who negotiated the Poona Pact after Gandhi’s fast.

7. What did the Poona Pact result in regarding the Depressed Classes?
A) They were given a separate state
B) The separate electorate for them was abolished, but their seats in the legislature were increased
C) They were granted full independence
D) They were given the right to vote in all elections

Answer: B) The separate electorate for them was abolished, but their seats in the legislature were increased
Explanation: The Poona Pact led to the abolition of the separate electorate for the Depressed Classes, but it ensured increased representation for them in the provincial legislatures.

8. When was the Poona Pact signed?
A) August 15, 1932
B) September 25, 1932
C) October 10, 1932
D) November 12, 1932

Answer: B) September 25, 1932
Explanation: The Poona Pact was signed on September 25, 1932, following Gandhi’s fast and the negotiations among Indian leaders.

9. What was the primary goal of the Communal Award as proposed by Ramsay McDonald?
A) To promote unity among Indians
B) To satisfy demands for representation from various communities
C) To prepare India for self-rule
D) To grant more autonomy to Indian provinces

Answer: B) To satisfy demands for representation from various communities
Explanation: The Communal Award was an attempt by the British government to grant separate representation for various communities, including Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians, and Depressed Classes.

10. What did the Poona Pact signify for the political landscape of British India?
A) A victory for the British government
B) A unified effort to maintain separate electorates
C) A compromise that avoided further division and granted more political power to the Depressed Classes
D) The end of the Indian independence movement

Answer: C) A compromise that avoided further division and granted more political power to the Depressed Classes
Explanation: The Poona Pact marked a compromise between the Congress and Ambedkar, ensuring greater representation for the Depressed Classes while avoiding the permanent division of Hindus into separate electorates.

Third Round Table Conference (1932)

The Third Round Table Conference was held in London in 1932. Like its predecessors, this conference was part of the ongoing negotiations between the British government and Indian representatives regarding the constitutional future of India. The conference was held against a backdrop of growing political unrest and tensions between the British authorities and the Indian national movement.

Key Points about the Third Round Table Conference:

Background and Context:

The conference was the third in a series of meetings that aimed to discuss the constitutional reforms in British India.

The first two Round Table Conferences, held in 1930 and 1931, were attended by key Indian leaders such as Gandhi and representatives from the Indian National Congress (INC). However, many prominent national leaders, including those from the INC, were either not present or actively boycotting the discussions due to the ongoing civil disobedience movement.

By the time of the Third Round Table Conference, many Indian leaders were in prison, which further weakened the Indian representation at the conference.

The Conference Proceedings:

Lord Willingdon, the British Viceroy of India, along with British officials, led the conference, but Indian National Congress (INC) leaders, who were the main opposition to British rule, were absent as they were still engaged in their movement against British colonial policies.

Mahatma Gandhi had previously participated in the Second Round Table Conference, but after his release, he was once again involved in the Civil Disobedience Movement, which led to his absence at this third round.

The conference discussions largely revolved around the idea of political representation for different communities, including Muslims, Depressed Classes, and other minorities, and the ongoing communal issues.

Limited Outcome:

The Third Round Table Conference was largely inconclusive as there were no significant agreements on key constitutional matters. The absence of major political leaders from the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League hindered any meaningful progress.

The British government did not make any major concessions to the Indian leaders, and the talks were largely centered around political representation and minority rights rather than any serious moves toward independence.

Government of India Act, 1935:

Although the Third Round Table Conference failed to produce any substantive results, it indirectly led to the Government of India Act of 1935, which became one of the most important legislative acts passed by the British Parliament regarding India.

The Act sought to address some of the concerns raised during the conferences, including the demand for autonomy at the provincial level and the creation of a federal structure in India.

It provided for the establishment of diarchy in provinces, extended the electorate, and allowed for a degree of Indian participation in governance, though it still kept the real power with the British government.

However, the Act was criticized by many Indian leaders, including the INC, for being insufficient and still maintaining British control over India’s most important matters, including defense and foreign policy.

Impact on Indian Politics:

The Third Round Table Conference marked a turning point in India’s struggle for independence. Though the conference was ineffective, it exposed the failure of constitutional negotiations to yield any concrete progress.

The Indian National Congress continued its demand for full independence and boycotted the conference, emphasizing the need for Purna Swaraj (complete independence).

The Civil Disobedience Movement continued under Gandhi’s leadership, and by the end of the conference, Indian leaders were growing increasingly disillusioned with the British approach to constitutional reform.

Conclusion:

The Third Round Table Conference in 1932 was a fruitless attempt at solving the political problems of India under British rule.

It did not bring about any meaningful change and only served to underline the growing gap between the aspirations of the Indian national movement and the British government’s unwillingness to grant significant self-rule.

The failure of this conference led to a deepening of discontent in India and set the stage for further mass movements in the coming years.

Thus, the Third Round Table Conference was marked by a lack of substantial participation from important Indian leaders and ended with minimal political change. However, it contributed to the eventual passage of the Government of India Act, 1935, which was an important step in the process of constitutional development in India under British rule.

10 important multiple-choice questions (MCQs) about the Third Round Table Conference (1932) along with their answers and short explanations:

1. Who led the British delegation at the Third Round Table Conference in 1932?

a) Lord Willingdon
b) Lord Irwin
c) Ramsay MacDonald
d) Lord Chelmsford

Answer: a) Lord Willingdon
Explanation: Lord Willingdon, the British Viceroy of India, was the leading figure in the British delegation at the Third Round Table Conference in 1932.

2. Which major Indian political party boycotted the Third Round Table Conference?

a) Indian National Congress (INC)
b) Muslim League
c) Hindu Mahasabha
d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: The Indian National Congress (INC), Muslim League, and Hindu Mahasabha all boycotted the Third Round Table Conference as they were dissatisfied with the British stance on constitutional reforms.

3. What was the main outcome of the Third Round Table Conference?

a) Complete independence for India
b) Passing of the Government of India Act, 1935
c) Establishment of a federal system in India
d) Agreement on a new electoral system for India

Answer: b) Passing of the Government of India Act, 1935
Explanation: Although the Third Round Table Conference itself proved fruitless, the discussions led to the Government of India Act, 1935, which was a significant step in constitutional development for India under British rule.

4. Why was the Third Round Table Conference considered a failure?

a) Lack of a clear agenda
b) Absence of important Indian leaders
c) British refusal to grant more self-rule
d) All of the above

Answer: b) Absence of important Indian leaders
Explanation: The absence of key leaders from the Indian National Congress and other major political groups during the Third Round Table Conference made it ineffective in producing substantial outcomes.

5. What was the major issue discussed at the Third Round Table Conference?

a) Land reforms in India
b) Constitutional reforms and minority representation
c) British economic policies in India
d) Nationalization of Indian industries

Answer: b) Constitutional reforms and minority representation
Explanation: The major discussions at the conference focused on constitutional reforms, especially regarding political representation for different communities such as Muslims, Depressed Classes, and Anglo-Indians.

6. What did the Indian National Congress (INC) demand at the Third Round Table Conference?

a) Dominion status
b) Complete independence (Purna Swaraj)
c) Separate electorate for Muslims
d) End to British rule in the colonies

Answer: b) Complete independence (Purna Swaraj)
Explanation: The Indian National Congress (INC) continued to demand Purna Swaraj (complete independence) and boycotted the conference due to the lack of full Indian representation and the British government’s refusal to grant self-rule.

7. What was the British government’s response to the demands of Indian leaders during the Third Round Table Conference?

a) Acceptance of self-rule for India
b) Grant of full independence
c) Proposals for minority representation and limited reforms
d) Complete withdrawal from India

Answer: c) Proposals for minority representation and limited reforms
Explanation: The British government proposed minor reforms, such as minority representation, but refused to grant full self-rule or independence, leading to dissatisfaction among Indian leaders.

8. Which major Indian leader was not present at the Third Round Table Conference?

a) Mahatma Gandhi
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Subhas Chandra Bose
d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Answer: a) Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi was absent from the Third Round Table Conference because he was engaged in the Civil Disobedience Movement and had boycotted the conference.

9. How did the Third Round Table Conference impact the Indian freedom movement?

a) It led to a significant breakthrough in negotiations with the British
b) It weakened the Indian freedom struggle
c) It failed to bring any substantial results, increasing Indian disillusionment
d) It resulted in a formal agreement for Indian independence

Answer: c) It failed to bring any substantial results, increasing Indian disillusionment
Explanation: The conference failed to make any significant progress, leaving Indian leaders disillusioned and frustrated with British colonial policies.

10. Which Act was passed by the British government following the Third Round Table Conference?

a) Indian Independence Act, 1947
b) Government of India Act, 1935
c) Simon Commission Act
d) Quit India Act, 1942

Answer: b) Government of India Act, 1935
Explanation: Following the Third Round Table Conference, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, 1935, which introduced a federal system and granted limited self-governance in provinces but did not grant full independence.

The Government of India Act, 1935

The Government of India Act, 1935, was a major legislative measure passed by the British Parliament, which laid the foundation for the future political and constitutional framework in India. It followed the Simon Commission Report (1930) and aimed to provide a more comprehensive form of governance in India while still retaining British control.

The Royal Assent was given to the Act on August 4, 1935, and it was considered the most significant piece of constitutional reform in India until the Indian Independence Act of 1947.

Key Features of the Government of India Act, 1935:

Introduction of Provincial Autonomy:

The Act granted autonomy to provinces, which meant that provinces were given greater powers in governing themselves. This was a significant step forward in India’s constitutional development as it reduced the central government’s control over the provinces.

Provinces were allowed to form their own governments and manage their own affairs without direct interference from the British government in some areas.

Abolition of Dyarchy in Provinces:

The system of dyarchy, which was introduced by the Government of India Act, 1919, was abolished. Dyarchy had created a division of power between elected Indian ministers and British officials in provincial governments, but this system was considered ineffective.

With the abolition of dyarchy, provincial governments were now fully responsible for their own subjects, with elected Indian ministers having control over almost all areas of provincial governance, except for defense, foreign affairs, and communications, which remained under British control.

Federal System of Government:

The Act established a federal type of government, dividing powers between the central government and provincial governments. This meant that India would have a central government (with jurisdiction over national matters) and provincial governments (with jurisdiction over local matters).

The federal model was based on the British North American Act (1867), which created the Dominion of Canada, and was designed to bring about a balance between central control and regional autonomy.

Bicameral Legislature:

The central legislature was made bicameral, consisting of two houses: the Council of States (upper house) and the Legislative Assembly (lower house).

Council of States had members elected from the provinces and by the provincial legislative assemblies, while the Legislative Assembly had a combination of elected representatives and nominated members.

Suffrage and Representation:

The Act introduced a restricted franchise. While the electorate was broadened compared to earlier laws, it was still based on property qualifications, limiting the voting rights of the general population.

Minority groups, such as Muslims, Christians, Anglo-Indians, and the Scheduled Castes, were given separate electorates, continuing the divide and rule policy.

Establishment of a Reserve Bank of India:

The Government of India Act, 1935, led to the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the central bank of India, responsible for regulating currency and monetary policy. This was a crucial step in shaping India’s financial system.

Provincial Legislative Assemblies:

The Act provided for provincial legislative assemblies that were directly elected, which gave more power to Indian representatives at the provincial level.

Each province had a Governor, who was appointed by the British government, and the Governor-General remained the head of the central government in India.

Governor-General’s Powers:

The Governor-General retained significant powers and was the representative of the British Crown in India. He had the authority to override the decisions of the Indian legislature, dissolve the central and provincial legislatures, and enact laws on certain matters without the approval of the Indian Parliament.

Indianization of Civil Services:

The Act made provisions for the Indianization of the civil services, but British officials still retained major control, especially in key areas like defense, foreign affairs, and the police.

Autonomy to Provinces:

Provincial autonomy meant that the provinces were given more control over their internal affairs, including education, health, agriculture, and taxation. The provinces were allowed to have their own ministries with elected ministers responsible for provincial administration.

Significance of the Government of India Act, 1935:

Gradual Shift Toward Self-Governance: The Act marked a step toward self-government, though it fell short of granting full independence to India. The greater autonomy for provinces, however, made the Act a progressive step in India’s constitutional history.

Failure to Satisfy National Aspirations: Despite the reforms, the Act did not satisfy the demands of Indian leaders, particularly the Indian National Congress (INC) and other nationalist groups, who were advocating for complete independence.

Consolidation of British Control: While it provided for more representation and autonomy at the provincial level, the British government retained substantial powers over key areas such as defense, foreign policy, and communication, ensuring continued British dominance over India.

Impact on Political Movements: The Indian National Congress rejected the Act, as it did not meet the demand for complete independence, and it led to continued political movements advocating for Purna Swaraj (complete independence).

Prelude to the Freedom Struggle: The Act, while a step forward, did not lead to the desired self-rule for Indians, and it played a role in intensifying the demand for complete independence from British colonial rule.

The Government of India Act, 1935, was a critical milestone in India’s struggle for independence and was one of the most significant constitutional changes during British rule in India. Despite its limitations, it set the stage for future Indian political developments and the eventual attainment of independence in 1947.

10 important MCQs with answers and explanations about The Government of India Act, 1935:

1. What was the primary feature introduced by the Government of India Act, 1935?
A) Introduction of complete independence for India
B) Introduction of a federal system of government
C) Introduction of separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims
D) Introduction of monarchy in India

Answer: B) Introduction of a federal system of government
Explanation: The Act introduced a federal system of governance, dividing powers between the central and provincial governments.

2. Which of the following was abolished by the Government of India Act, 1935?
A) Federal structure
B) Dyarchy in provinces
C) Separate electorates
D) Governor-General’s powers

Answer: B) Dyarchy in provinces
Explanation: The Act abolished dyarchy in provinces and gave provincial governments greater autonomy.

3. What was the significance of the Government of India Act, 1935 in terms of provincial governance?
A) It centralized power under the British government
B) It introduced provincial autonomy
C) It introduced complete independence
D) It created a bicameral legislature for provinces

Answer: B) It introduced provincial autonomy
Explanation: The Act introduced provincial autonomy, allowing provinces to have more control over their internal affairs.

4. Which of the following bodies was created by the Government of India Act, 1935?
A) Indian National Congress
B) Reserve Bank of India
C) Indian Council of Ministers
D) Indian Civil Services

Answer: B) Reserve Bank of India
Explanation: The Act led to the creation of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to regulate currency and financial matters in India.

5. Who remained the head of the central government in India under the Government of India Act, 1935?
A) Viceroy of India
B) President of the Indian National Congress
C) Prime Minister of India
D) Governor-General of India

Answer: D) Governor-General of India
Explanation: The Governor-General continued to serve as the representative of the British Crown and the head of the central government.

6. Which of the following groups had separate electorates according to the Government of India Act, 1935?
A) Hindus and Muslims
B) Hindus and Sikhs
C) Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians, and Depressed Classes
D) All British citizens in India

Answer: C) Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians, and Depressed Classes
Explanation: The Act continued the system of separate electorates for minorities such as Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians, and Depressed Classes.

7. What kind of franchise was introduced by the Government of India Act, 1935?
A) Universal adult franchise
B) Limited franchise based on property qualifications
C) Only elite franchise
D) No provision for franchise

Answer: B) Limited franchise based on property qualifications
Explanation: The franchise introduced by the Act was restricted and based on property qualifications, limiting voting rights for the general population.

8. What did the Government of India Act, 1935 say about the legislative structure at the central level?
A) It created a single-chamber legislature
B) It created a bicameral legislature
C) It abolished the legislature
D) It introduced provincial legislative assemblies only

Answer: B) It created a bicameral legislature
Explanation: The central legislature was made bicameral, consisting of the Council of States (upper house) and the Legislative Assembly (lower house).

9. Which area did the British government retain control over after the Government of India Act, 1935?
A) Provincial matters
B) Defense and foreign affairs
C) Local governance
D) Economic policies

Answer: B) Defense and foreign affairs
Explanation: The British government retained control over defense and foreign affairs, even after the Act was passed, limiting the autonomy of the Indian government.

10. Why did the Indian National Congress reject the Government of India Act, 1935?
A) It gave complete independence to India
B) It allowed the Indian National Congress to form the government
C) It failed to provide for complete independence
D) It gave too much power to the Indian people

Answer: C) It failed to provide for complete independence
Explanation: The Indian National Congress (INC) rejected the Act because it did not grant complete independence and continued British control over key areas of governance.

Pakistan Resolution (Lahore Resolution) – March 23, 1940

The Pakistan Resolution (also known as the Lahore Resolution) was a pivotal moment in the history of India’s struggle for independence. It was adopted during the annual session of the All India Muslim League held in Lahore on March 23, 1940, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. This resolution laid the foundation for the creation of Pakistan and marked the beginning of the formal demand for a separate Muslim state. Here are the details surrounding the resolution:

Background and Historical Context

The Idea of a Separate Muslim State:
The idea of a separate Muslim state had been discussed earlier in the Indian political sphere, notably by Sir Muhammad Iqbal in 1930. Iqbal, during his presidential address at the All India Muslim League Session in Allahabad in 1930, had suggested the creation of a Muslim-majority state within a larger federation, including regions like Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh, and Kashmir. He envisioned this Muslim state as a cultural, political, and social entity that would provide Muslims with the autonomy they needed to preserve their identity and interests in a Hindu-majority India.

Chaudhary Rehmat Ali’s Role:
In 1935, Chaudhary Rehmat Ali, a Cambridge student, coined the term “Pakistan”, which was derived from the first letters of the regions that he believed should form the new state: P for Punjab, A for Afghanistan (North-West Frontier Province), K for Kashmir, S for Sindh, T for Balochistan, and A for the autonomous states of Muslim-majority regions. Rehmat Ali’s idea found support among young Muslims in Britain, but it was Jinnah’s leadership and political acumen that gave practical force to the demand.

The Muslim League and Jinnah’s Leadership:
The All India Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, gradually shifted from seeking safeguards for Muslims within a unified India to advocating for a separate Muslim state due to growing political differences with the Indian National Congress and mounting concerns over the protection of Muslim rights. Jinnah, who had initially been in favor of Hindu-Muslim unity, was increasingly convinced that Muslims would not be able to secure their rights in a united India.

The Lahore Resolution (Pakistan Resolution)

The Lahore Resolution was formally passed on March 23, 1940, during the annual session of the All India Muslim League at Minto Park (now Iqbal Park) in Lahore. This event marked a turning point in the history of the Indian independence movement, as the Muslim League openly and formally called for the creation of a separate nation for Muslims.

Key Points of the Lahore Resolution:

Demand for a Separate State: The resolution called for the establishment of separate states for Muslims in regions where they were in a majority. It stated that Muslims should have their own political autonomy in areas where they were numerically dominant.

Rejection of the 1935 Government of India Act: The resolution rejected the Government of India Act, 1935, and the federal scheme it proposed, which was seen as inadequate for addressing the political and social concerns of Muslims. The Act’s provisions were viewed as insufficient in safeguarding Muslim interests.

Muslim Majorities and Autonomy: The resolution emphasized the need for separate political, cultural, and economic autonomy for Muslims in regions where they were the majority, ensuring that their identity and rights would not be undermined by a Hindu-majority government.

Jinnah’s Address and the Significance:

Jinnah’s Leadership: Jinnah’s speech during the session was vital in rallying Muslims behind the cause for Pakistan. His vision of a separate state for Muslims was rooted in the idea that Muslims and Hindus were distinct nations, with their own cultures, religions, and social systems. He argued that Muslims could not live as equals with Hindus in a unified India and that their distinct identity needed a separate homeland.

Rejection of Congress’ Policies: The Muslim League’s demand for a separate state was a direct challenge to the Indian National Congress, which was seeking a united India. The resolution emphasized that the future of Muslims lay in the creation of a separate nation.

Impact and Aftermath

The Birth of Pakistan: The Lahore Resolution laid the foundation for the creation of Pakistan. The call for a separate Muslim-majority state was a central demand of the Muslim League in the subsequent years. This demand was later translated into the formation of Pakistan in 1947, after years of political struggle, negotiations, and events such as the Quit India Movement, the Second World War, and the British decision to withdraw from India.

Divisions within Indian Politics: The Lahore Resolution further deepened the divide between the Indian National Congress, which advocated for a united India, and the Muslim League, which called for a separate Muslim state. The growing differences between the two organizations eventually led to the partition of India.

Significance of March 23, 1940: The date March 23, 1940, is now celebrated as Pakistan Day every year, commemorating the adoption of the Pakistan Resolution.

Conclusion

The Pakistan Resolution of 1940 was a significant turning point in Indian political history, as it marked the formalization of the demand for a separate Muslim state. It reflected the increasing disillusionment among Muslims with the idea of a united India and the growing belief that Muslims could only preserve their identity and interests in a separate state. This resolution, driven by the ideas of Iqbal, Rehmat Ali, and Jinnah, ultimately led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

10 important MCQs with answers and short explanations about the Pakistan Resolution (Lahore Resolution, 1940):

1. Who was the president of the Muslim League during the Lahore Resolution (1940)?

• A) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
• B) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• C) Liaquat Ali Khan
• D) Allama Iqbal

Answer: B) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Explanation: Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the president of the All India Muslim League during the Lahore Resolution (Pakistan Resolution) of 1940, where the demand for a separate Muslim state was formalized.

2. When was the Lahore Resolution (Pakistan Resolution) passed?

• A) March 23, 1935
• B) March 23, 1940
• C) August 14, 1947
• D) January 26, 1930

Answer: B) March 23, 1940
Explanation: The Lahore Resolution was passed during the annual session of the All India Muslim League on March 23, 1940, at Minto Park (now Iqbal Park) in Lahore.

3. Who coined the term “Pakistan” in 1935?

• A) Allama Iqbal
• B) Chaudhary Rehmat Ali
• C) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• D) Liaquat Ali Khan

Answer: B) Chaudhary Rehmat Ali
Explanation: Chaudhary Rehmat Ali, a Cambridge student, coined the term “Pakistan” in 1935, which was later adopted to refer to the proposed Muslim-majority state.

4. Which political ideology was the basis for the Pakistan Resolution?

• A) The Congress Party’s vision of a united India
• B) The idea of a separate Muslim state
• C) The demand for an independent princely state
• D) The demand for the creation of a Hindu nation

Answer: B) The idea of a separate Muslim state
Explanation: The Pakistan Resolution called for the creation of a separate Muslim-majority state in regions where Muslims were in the majority, rejecting the idea of a unified India.

5. Which of the following was NOT a demand in the Pakistan Resolution?

• A) The creation of a Muslim-majority state
• B) The rejection of the 1935 Government of India Act
• C) The establishment of a federal government
• D) The unity of India under British rule

Answer: D) The unity of India under British rule
Explanation: The Pakistan Resolution explicitly rejected the idea of a unified India and advocated for the creation of a separate Muslim-majority state.

6. Which leader’s speech during the Lahore session was pivotal in formulating the Pakistan Resolution?

• A) Allama Iqbal
• B) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• C) Liaquat Ali Khan
• D) Maulana Azad

Answer: B) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Explanation: Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s speech at the Lahore session solidified the demand for a separate Muslim state, emphasizing that Muslims and Hindus were distinct nations.

7. Which region was explicitly mentioned as part of the proposed “Pakistan” in Chaudhary Rehmat Ali’s 1935 conception?

• A) Punjab
• B) Bengal
• C) Kerala
• D) Uttar Pradesh

Answer: A) Punjab
Explanation: Chaudhary Rehmat Ali’s concept of “Pakistan” included Punjab, along with regions such as Sindh, Baluchistan, Frontier Province, and Kashmir.

8. Which British political figure was directly associated with the government response to the Lahore Resolution?

• A) Winston Churchill
• B) Ramsay MacDonald
• C) Lord Mountbatten
• D) Edward VIII

Answer: B) Ramsay MacDonald
Explanation: Ramsay MacDonald, the British Prime Minister, was in office during the time of the Pakistan Resolution, and his government was responsible for the political response to demands for Muslim separation.

9. What did the Pakistan Resolution reject?

• A) The idea of a Hindu-majority India
• B) The formation of a national assembly for Muslims
• C) The federal scheme proposed in the Government of India Act, 1935
• D) The rights of Muslims in India

Answer: C) The federal scheme proposed in the Government of India Act, 1935
Explanation: The Pakistan Resolution rejected the 1935 Government of India Act, especially its federal scheme, as inadequate for addressing Muslim interests.

10. Which Muslim leader’s idea of a separate Muslim state was later consolidated in the Lahore Resolution?

• A) Maulana Azad
• B) Sir Muhammad Iqbal
• C) Gandhi
• D) Jawaharlal Nehru

Answer: B) Sir Muhammad Iqbal
Explanation: Sir Muhammad Iqbal’s vision of a separate Muslim state, which he presented in his 1930 address, laid the intellectual foundation for the Pakistan Resolution of 1940, later endorsed by the Muslim League under Jinnah.

The August Offer (1940)

The August Offer was a proposal made by the British government in 1940, in response to the growing unrest and demands for independence in India. The offer was made by Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy of India, in an attempt to garner Indian support for Britain during World War II. The British government sought to secure cooperation from Indian political leaders and the general population to assist in the war effort.

Despite its significance, the offer was largely seen as inadequate and unsatisfactory by Indian nationalists, who sought immediate constitutional reforms and independence, rather than vague promises for the future.

Main Features of the August Offer

Dominion Status in the Future:

The most prominent feature of the August Offer was the promise of Dominion Status for India in an unspecified future.

Dominion Status implied that India would be given the status of a self-governing colony within the British Empire, similar to countries like Canada or Australia. However, the offer did not set a clear timeline or concrete steps for the realization of this status, leading to widespread dissatisfaction.

Post-War Constitutional Reforms:

The British government proposed the creation of a post-war body to frame a new constitution for India. However, this process was to take place only after the war and required approval from the British Parliament, which made the promise uncertain and delayed.

The Indian leaders were concerned that the process could take years, leaving the future of Indian self-rule unresolved for an extended period.

Expansion of the Viceroy’s Executive Council:

There was a promise to expand the Viceroy’s Executive Council to include more Indian representatives. However, the British government did not offer full representation or control over the administration, which kept the power in British hands.

The expansion was seen as a token gesture, and Indian leaders felt it did not provide substantial political power.

Formation of a War Advisory Council:

The offer included the creation of a War Advisory Council to advise the British government on matters related to India’s participation in the war.

However, this body had no real power or decision-making authority and was largely symbolic.

Reactions to the August Offer

Indian National Congress (INC):

The Indian National Congress, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi, rejected the August Offer because it fell short of their demand for full independence and did not provide concrete steps for self-rule.

The Congress saw it as an attempt by the British to divide the nationalist movement and win support for the war effort without conceding real political power to Indians.

Muslim League:

The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was somewhat more favorable to the August Offer, as it recognized the role of the Muslim community in the political setup. However, Jinnah’s demand for separate Muslim representation and safeguards for Muslim interests was not fully addressed by the British.

Other Political Groups:

Many other political leaders and groups were also dissatisfied with the offer, as it failed to meet their demands for immediate self-rule and independence. The offer did not address the key concerns of national unity and autonomy.

Impact of the August Offer

The August Offer was seen as a failure by Indian nationalists, as it did not provide the concrete steps toward independence they had been hoping for.

It did little to resolve the growing tension between the British government and Indian nationalists.

The offer also marked the beginning of a shift in political dynamics in India, with both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League becoming more disillusioned with the British approach to Indian self-rule.

The failure of the August Offer was a precursor to the Quit India Movement (1942), in which the Congress launched a mass civil disobedience movement demanding immediate independence from British rule.

In conclusion, while the August Offer was an attempt by the British to keep Indian support for the war effort, it was rejected by the Indian nationalist leadership as insufficient. It failed to address the core demands of the Indian people and contributed to the growing dissatisfaction with British rule.

10 important MCQs with answers and short explanations about The August Offer (1940):

1. Who made the August Offer to India?

a) Lord Curzon
b) Lord Linlithgow
c) Ramsay MacDonald
d) Winston Churchill

Answer: b) Lord Linlithgow
Explanation: The August Offer was made by Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy of India, in 1940 in response to the growing demand for Indian independence.

2. What was the main promise of the August Offer?

a) Complete independence for India
b) Immediate implementation of Dominion Status
c) Dominion Status for India in an unspecified future
d) Full participation of Indians in the British Cabinet

Answer: c) Dominion Status for India in an unspecified future
Explanation: The August Offer promised Dominion Status, but it was vague and did not provide a clear timeline or concrete steps toward achieving it.

3. Which of the following was a key feature of the August Offer?

a) Immediate transfer of power to Indian hands
b) Formation of a War Advisory Council
c) Full independence for India
d) Granting of separate electorates to all minorities

Answer: b) Formation of a War Advisory Council
Explanation: One of the key features of the August Offer was the creation of a War Advisory Council to advise the British government on India’s role in World War II.

4. Why did the Indian National Congress reject the August Offer?

a) It did not provide full independence
b) It promised immediate self-rule
c) It granted Indian representation in the British Parliament
d) It ignored Muslim interests

Answer: a) It did not provide full independence
Explanation: The Congress rejected the August Offer because it failed to address the demand for full independence and had vague promises for the future.

5. What did the British promise in terms of the Viceroy’s Executive Council in the August Offer?

a) To replace the Viceroy
b) To give the Viceroy full power
c) To expand the Viceroy’s Executive Council
d) To abolish the Viceroy’s position

Answer: c) To expand the Viceroy’s Executive Council
Explanation: The August Offer promised to expand the Viceroy’s Executive Council to include more Indian representatives, but it did not give full control to Indians.

6. What was the Indian response to the August Offer regarding the post-war constitution-making body?

a) Full support
b) Immediate acceptance
c) Rejection, as the process was delayed
d) Demand for immediate implementation

Answer: c) Rejection, as the process was delayed
Explanation: The Indian leaders rejected the offer because the constitutional reforms were to be made after the war and required approval from the British Parliament, making the process uncertain.

7. Which of the following groups was NOT in favor of the August Offer?

a) Indian National Congress
b) Muslim League
c) Hindu Mahasabha
d) Indian Princes

Answer: a) Indian National Congress
Explanation: The Indian National Congress rejected the August Offer as it failed to meet the demands for self-rule and full independence.

8. How did the August Offer aim to gain Indian support for World War II?

a) By promising full independence immediately
b) By seeking Indian participation in the war effort
c) By offering immediate self-rule
d) By recognizing India as a sovereign state

Answer: b) By seeking Indian participation in the war effort
Explanation: The British government made the August Offer to secure Indian support for the war effort during World War II.

9. Which of the following was NOT included in the August Offer?

a) Dominion Status
b) Expansion of the Viceroy’s Executive Council
c) A concrete timeline for independence
d) Formation of a War Advisory Council

Answer: c) A concrete timeline for independence
Explanation: The August Offer promised Dominion Status but did not provide a specific timeline for India’s independence.

10. What was the immediate reaction of the Muslim League to the August Offer?

a) Full rejection
b) Conditional acceptance
c) Complete support
d) Demand for more representation

Answer: b) Conditional acceptance
Explanation: The Muslim League had a more favorable view of the August Offer compared to the Congress, but it still had reservations and sought more representation for Muslims.

Individual Satyagraha (1940)

The August Offer (1940), made by the British government, was met with disappointment and disillusionment among Indian nationalists. It failed to fulfill the demand for full independence and was seen as an attempt to delay the process of granting self-rule to India. This led to a growing sense of frustration and anger within the Indian National Congress (INC) and the broader nationalist movement.

In response to the August Offer, the Congress, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, decided to launch a form of peaceful resistance known as Individual Satyagraha. The goal of this movement was to challenge British authority without mass participation, in contrast to the mass Civil Disobedience Movement that had been suspended after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931). Individual Satyagraha was conceived as a way to voice India’s demand for independence while keeping the movement non-violent and manageable.

Key Features of Individual Satyagraha:

Objective: The primary aim of the Individual Satyagraha was to express India’s demand for complete independence (Purna Swaraj) and to oppose British rule. The focus was on non-violent, individual acts of civil disobedience rather than mass protests.

First Satyagrahi: On October 17, 1940, the first individual satyagrahi, Vinoba Bhave, was selected by Gandhiji to begin the protest. Bhave was a close associate of Gandhi and had already been involved in several non-violent movements.

Second Satyagrahi: Jawaharlal Nehru, the future Prime Minister of India, was the second leader to join the Individual Satyagraha. His participation gave the movement significant political weight and further galvanized the nationalists.

Method: The protest involved individuals openly breaking the law in a non-violent manner by refusing to obey certain government orders, particularly those related to the war efforts during World War II. They would protest peacefully and endure imprisonment, but they were not allowed to engage in violent acts or mass mobilizations.

Non-Violent Nature: As with all forms of Satyagraha, Individual Satyagraha was rooted in the principle of non-violence (ahimsa). The participants pledged not to resort to any form of violence even in the face of provocation.

Limited Scale: The movement was designed to be carried out by a limited number of individuals rather than mass mobilization. This helped the Congress keep the movement within manageable limits, ensuring that the protests did not escalate out of control.

Objective of Resistance: The immediate aim of the movement was to oppose the British government’s involvement in World War II, particularly the failure to consult the Indian population before committing to the war effort. The Congress had demanded that India be given self-determination before any participation in the war, but this was ignored by the British government.

Outcome: Although Individual Satyagraha did not bring about immediate independence or major political concessions, it was an important step in keeping the nationalists’ demand for independence alive. It also marked the continuation of the Congress’s struggle for freedom during a period when the British were unwilling to make significant concessions.

Imprisonment of Leaders: The movement resulted in the arrest and imprisonment of key leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Vinoba Bhave, as well as many other participants. However, these arrests failed to break the resolve of the nationalists and only reinforced the growing demand for self-rule.

Legacy: While the Individual Satyagraha did not achieve immediate political changes, it laid the groundwork for future resistance movements. It kept the momentum of the independence struggle alive and demonstrated the Indian resolve to continue fighting for self-determination, even under harsh conditions.

Conclusion:

The Individual Satyagraha of 1940 was a significant chapter in the Indian freedom struggle, showing the determination of the Congress and the nationalists to continue the fight for independence, despite the challenges posed by the British government and the ongoing World War II. It reaffirmed the Congress’s commitment to non-violent resistance and set the stage for future, more intense movements leading to India’s eventual independence in 1947.

10 important MCQs with answers and short explanations about the Individual Satyagraha (1940):

1. Who was the first Satyagrahi to launch the Individual Satyagraha in 1940?

a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) Vinoba Bhave
c) Mahatma Gandhi
d) Subhas Chandra Bose

Answer: b) Vinoba Bhave
Explanation: Vinoba Bhave was chosen by Gandhiji as the first individual Satyagrahi on October 17, 1940.

• What was the main objective of the Individual Satyagraha?

a) To demand the partition of India
b) To support British rule in India
c) To demand complete independence (Purna Swaraj) from British rule
d) To seek better working conditions for Indians

Answer: c) To demand complete independence (Purna Swaraj) from British rule
Explanation: The primary aim was to express India’s demand for full independence from British rule.

• Who was the second leader to join the Individual Satyagraha?

a) Subhas Chandra Bose
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Sardar Patel
d) Lala Lajpat Rai

Answer: b) Jawaharlal Nehru
Explanation: Jawaharlal Nehru was the second leader to join the Individual Satyagraha after Vinoba Bhave.

• Which principle was central to the Individual Satyagraha movement?

a) Ahimsa (Non-violence)
b) Civil disobedience
c) Violent resistance
d) Political negotiation

Answer: a) Ahimsa (Non-violence)
Explanation: The movement was based on the principle of non-violence, as with all other forms of Satyagraha.

• What was the immediate issue that led to the launch of Individual Satyagraha?

a) Demand for the abolition of the salt tax
b) British participation in World War II without consulting India
c) Demand for separate electorates for Muslims
d) Demand for better economic policies

Answer: b) British participation in World War II without consulting India
Explanation: The movement was launched after the British government involved India in World War II without consulting Indian leaders.

• What did the Congress leaders pledge to do during the Individual Satyagraha?

a) Violently oppose British authorities
b) Organize mass protests
c) Break the salt laws
d) Disobey British laws peacefully and endure imprisonment

Answer: d) Disobey British laws peacefully and endure imprisonment
Explanation: The movement was focused on individual peaceful resistance against British laws, with participants willing to be arrested.

• What was the status of the Indian National Congress during the Individual Satyagraha?

a) It was disbanded
b) It was banned by the British government
c) It was active and continued to lead the movement for independence
d) It supported the British in World War II

Answer: c) It was active and continued to lead the movement for independence
Explanation: The Indian National Congress remained active in the independence struggle and led the Individual Satyagraha despite the challenges.

• How did the British government respond to the Individual Satyagraha?

a) They granted immediate independence
b) They arrested many leaders and participants
c) They agreed to form a constituent assembly
d) They ignored the movement completely

Answer: b) They arrested many leaders and participants
Explanation: The British government arrested several Congress leaders, including Vinoba Bhave and Jawaharlal Nehru, as part of the response to the Individual Satyagraha.

• Which of the following was NOT a feature of the Individual Satyagraha?

a) Mass participation
b) Non-violent resistance
c) Arrest of leaders and participants
d) Demand for complete independence

Answer: a) Mass participation
Explanation: The Individual Satyagraha was a limited form of resistance and did not involve mass participation; instead, it involved individual acts of civil disobedience.

1. What was the outcome of the Individual Satyagraha?

a) Immediate independence for India
b) The movement led to the formation of the Azad Hind government
c) The movement kept the demand for independence alive, but did not result in immediate political concessions
d) It led to the withdrawal of British forces from India

Answer: c) The movement kept the demand for independence alive, but did not result in immediate political concessions
Explanation: While the Individual Satyagraha did not achieve immediate political change, it kept the momentum for independence alive and demonstrated India’s resolve for self-rule.

The Cripps Mission (1942)

In 1941, as World War II was escalating, Japan’s entry into the war and its rapid advance through Southeast Asia brought it closer to India’s borders. By March 7, 1942, Rangoon (present-day Yangon, Myanmar) had fallen, and Japan had occupied much of Southeast Asia, intensifying fears in Britain about the defense of India. To secure Indian cooperation during this critical phase of the war, the British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps, a senior British politician and leader of the House of Commons, to India in March 1942 with a mission to negotiate with Indian leaders.

Key Features of the Cripps Mission:

Dominion Status Proposal: Sir Stafford Cripps proposed that India would be granted dominion status (self-governing status) after the conclusion of World War II. This would allow India to have more autonomy, but the British government would still retain control over key areas, particularly defense and foreign policy.

Post-War Constitutional Arrangement: Cripps offered the possibility of a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution for India. However, the constitution could not be formed immediately, and it would depend on the outcome of the war.

Right to Opt Out: The plan included a provision allowing provinces and princely states to opt out of the proposed constitution if they did not agree with it, which made the proposal less attractive to Indian leaders, particularly the Congress.

Rejection by the Indian National Congress: The Indian National Congress, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, rejected the proposal. They were not willing to accept vague promises for dominion status after the war, especially without concrete assurances. The Congress wanted immediate and full independence, not a conditional promise dependent on post-war negotiations. Gandhi famously described it as a “post-dated cheque on a crashing bank,” meaning it was a promise with no real value.

Rejection by the Muslim League: The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, also rejected the proposal. They were dissatisfied with the Cripps offer, which they believed did not address the aspirations of Muslims for a separate state or adequate political representation.

Reasons for Rejection:

Vague Promises: The proposal was seen as vague and uncommitted, as it promised dominion status only after the war, which was uncertain.

Lack of Immediate Independence: The Congress was demanding complete independence, while the Cripps offer still kept India under British control.

Right to Opt-Out: The provision allowing provinces and princely states to opt out was seen as a threat to India’s unity.

Gandhiji’s Response:

Mahatma Gandhi was particularly critical of the Cripps Mission’s proposals. He regarded the offer as a strategy to delay India’s independence and keep the British control intact. His famous comment about the offer being a “post-dated cheque in a crashing bank” encapsulated the skepticism of the Indian leaders towards the British government’s promises.

Aftermath of the Cripps Mission:

The failure of the Cripps Mission marked a significant turning point in India’s independence movement. It led to further disillusionment with the British promises and raised the resolve of Indian leaders to push for immediate independence. The Congress’ response was to intensify the Quit India Movement in August 1942, which called for an immediate end to British rule in India.

Summary:
The Cripps Mission of 1942 was an attempt by the British government to gain Indian cooperation in World War II by offering limited autonomy after the war. However, the Indian leaders rejected the offer, as it did not meet their demand for complete and immediate independence. The failure of the mission led to increased resistance against British rule, culminating in the Quit India Movement later that year.

10 important MCQs about The Cripps Mission (1942) with answers and explanations:

1. Who was sent by the British government to negotiate with Indian leaders in 1942 during World War II?
   A) Lord Mountbatten
   B) Sir Stafford Cripps
   C) Winston Churchill
   D) Lord Linlithgow
   Answer: B) Sir Stafford Cripps
   Explanation: Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India in March 1942 to negotiate terms with Indian leaders regarding India’s cooperation in World War II.
2. What was the main offer made by Sir Stafford Cripps to India in 1942?
   A) Complete independence after World War II
   B) Dominion status for India after the war
   C) Immediate independence for India
   D) Partition of India
   Answer: B) Dominion status for India after the war
   Explanation: Cripps offered dominion status to India after the conclusion of World War II, but with conditions that were not accepted by Indian leaders.
3. Why did the Indian National Congress reject the Cripps Mission proposals?
   A) The offer did not promise independence
   B) It was a vague promise of dominion status
   C) It favored the Muslim League
   D) It promised full sovereignty immediately
   Answer: B) It was a vague promise of dominion status
   Explanation: The Congress rejected the Cripps offer because it was a vague promise of dominion status after the war, which Congress felt was inadequate for India’s immediate demands for independence.
4. What was Gandhi’s famous criticism of the Cripps Mission’s offer?
   A) A broken promise
   B) A post-dated cheque in a crashing bank
   C) A false hope
   D) A tool of divide and rule
   Answer: B) A post-dated cheque in a crashing bank
   Explanation: Gandhi criticized the Cripps offer as a “post-dated cheque in a crashing bank,” meaning it was a promise with no real value or certainty.
5. Which political party rejected the Cripps Mission, besides the Indian National Congress?
   A) Hindu Mahasabha
   B) Muslim League
   C) Both A and B
   D) Indian National Congress and Hindu Mahasabha
   Answer: C) Both A and B
   Explanation: Both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League rejected the Cripps offer, as it did not address their demands for complete independence or adequate political representation.
6. Which was one of the main features of the Cripps Mission proposal?
   A) Immediate transfer of power
   B) Right of provinces to opt out of the proposed constitution
   C) Immediate creation of an Indian Army
   D) Separate electorates for all communities
   Answer: B) Right of provinces to opt out of the proposed constitution
   Explanation: The Cripps proposal allowed provinces to opt out of the future constitution, which was seen as a way of dividing India and weakening unity.
7. What did the Cripps Mission propose regarding India’s future constitution?
   A) Immediate formation of a constituent assembly
   B) Formation of a post-war body to enact a constitution
   C) Creation of a separate constitution for each province
   D) No constitutional changes
   Answer: B) Formation of a post-war body to enact a constitution
   Explanation: The Cripps Mission proposed the creation of a body after the war to draft a new constitution for India.
8. What did Gandhi mean by calling the Cripps offer a ‘post-dated cheque’?
   A) A promise for independence immediately
   B) A promise that would be delivered in the distant future
   C) A loan from Britain
   D) A guarantee for full self-rule
   Answer: B) A promise that would be delivered in the distant future
   Explanation: Gandhi compared the Cripps offer to a “post-dated cheque” because it was a promise that would only be fulfilled in the future, without any guarantee of immediate action.
9. What was the result of the Cripps Mission’s failure?
   A) India was granted immediate independence
   B) The Quit India Movement was launched
   C) The Cripps Mission led to the partition of India
   D) Indian political leaders formed a unified alliance with Britain
   Answer: B) The Quit India Movement was launched
   Explanation: After the failure of the Cripps Mission, the Indian National Congress launched the Quit India Movement in August 1942, demanding an immediate end to British rule.
10. How did the British government respond to the rejection of the Cripps Mission?
    A) By granting India complete independence
    B) By using force to suppress protests
    C) By forming the Indian National Congress
    D) By offering more concessions immediately
    Answer: B) By using force to suppress protests
    Explanation: After the rejection of the Cripps Mission, the British government responded with force, arresting leaders and suppressing the Quit India Movement that followed.

The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement, was a significant event in India’s struggle for independence. Launched by the Indian National Congress (INC) under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in 1942, it marked a decisive and intense phase in India’s fight against British colonial rule.

Causes for the Launch of the Quit India Movement:

Failure of the Cripps Mission (1942):

The Cripps Mission, led by Sir Stafford Cripps, came to India in 1942 to negotiate with Indian leaders about India’s role in World War II. The mission offered dominion status after the war but failed to meet the immediate demands for full independence and constitutional reforms.

Gandhi and the Indian National Congress were disappointed with the vague promises and the British refusal to grant India immediate self-rule. Gandhi termed the offer as a “post-dated cheque in a crashing bank,” which led to the feeling that the British were not serious about India’s independence.

World War II and Allied Reverses:

The situation in World War II was becoming dire for the Allied forces, and India’s involvement in the war had become contentious. Britain, already stretched thin due to the war, had begun facing setbacks, particularly in South-East Asia, including the fall of Singapore to the Japanese.

The situation worsened when Japan advanced toward India’s borders, and the British seemed unable to protect India from the Japanese threat. This created a sense of urgency and anxiety among Indians about their future under British rule.

British Withdrawal from South-East Asia and Burma:

The Japanese conquest of Burma in 1942 led to the collapse of British power in the region. British forces were unable to protect Southeast Asia, and local populations in Burma, Malaya, and other regions were left vulnerable to Japanese occupation.

The realization that Britain was withdrawing from these territories and leaving local populations to fend for themselves fueled the belief that the British were no longer capable of safeguarding India’s interests. This exacerbated feelings of resentment and mistrust toward British colonialism.

Desire for Immediate Self-Rule:

The failure to achieve self-rule through the Cripps Mission, combined with the British inability to protect India from external threats, created widespread dissatisfaction.

Nationalist leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose, had become increasingly frustrated with the British government’s refusal to grant India the self-governance it demanded.

Leadership of Mahatma Gandhi:

Mahatma Gandhi, who had been a prominent leader in the non-violent struggle for independence, saw an opportunity to intensify the struggle. He believed that non-violent civil disobedience would be the key to pressing the British to leave India.

Gandhi called for the immediate withdrawal of the British from India and urged the Indian masses to rise up and demand independence.

Launch of the Quit India Movement:

On August 8, 1942, during the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee, Mahatma Gandhi called for a nationwide movement to demand immediate independence from British rule.

The slogan “Do or Die” was adopted, calling on Indians to either achieve independence or face the consequences. Gandhi’s appeal was direct and impassioned, urging the masses to take part in non-violent protests and resist British rule in all forms.

Key Features of the Quit India Movement:

Demand for Immediate Independence:

The movement called for the immediate withdrawal of British rule from India, with no further delay or conditions.

Non-Violent Resistance:

As with his previous movements, Gandhi urged the Indian people to engage in non-violent resistance, including strikes, demonstrations, and civil disobedience.

Mass Mobilization:

The movement saw a mass uprising with students, workers, and women taking to the streets, protesting against British authority. The call for ‘Do or Die’ inspired millions of Indians to rise up.

Immediate and Forced Government Response:

The British government responded swiftly to the movement by arresting the leaders of the Congress, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and other senior leaders. This led to widespread protests and a country-wide struggle.

The government imposed severe restrictions and used force to suppress the protests, leading to violence and casualties in many areas.

Widespread Protests:

Throughout the country, there were strikes, protests, and attempts to sabotage British infrastructure. Key communication links, railway stations, and government buildings were targeted by protestors.

Impact and Outcome of the Quit India Movement:

Repression by the British:

The British government cracked down heavily on the movement. Thousands of people were arrested, and many were killed or injured during the protests. The leadership of the Congress was jailed, and the movement was suppressed with force.

Impact on British Control:

Although the Quit India Movement was crushed and did not result in immediate independence, it marked a turning point in the relationship between India and Britain. The mass mobilization showed the strength of the Indian people’s resolve for independence, and it increased the pressure on the British government to leave India.

It also exposed the inability of the British to effectively govern India and led to a shift in international opinion.

End of British Rule:

After the war, in 1947, Britain, weakened by World War II, was forced to reconsider its colonial policies. The Quit India Movement, despite its failure, played a significant role in making British withdrawal from India inevitable.

The movement contributed to the eventual independence of India in August 1947.

Conclusion:

The Quit India Movement was a crucial moment in India’s struggle for independence. While it failed to achieve immediate results, it played a significant role in galvanizing public opinion, increasing nationalist sentiments, and making British colonial rule in India increasingly untenable. The sacrifices made by millions of Indians during this movement ultimately helped pave the way for India’s freedom.

10 important MCQs with answers and short explanations about the Quit India Movement:

1. When was the Quit India Movement launched?
   1. A) August 15, 1942
   1. B) August 8, 1942
   1. C) September 12, 1942
   1. D) July 15, 1942

Answer: B) August 8, 1942
Explanation: The Quit India Movement was launched on August 8, 1942, during the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee.

• Who gave the slogan “Do or Die” during the Quit India Movement?
  • A) Subhas Chandra Bose
  • B) Jawaharlal Nehru
  • C) Mahatma Gandhi
  • D) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Answer: C) Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi gave the slogan “Do or Die” urging the Indian people to take a decisive step toward independence, either achieving it or facing the consequences.

• What was the main objective of the Quit India Movement?
  • A) To demand a separate nation for Muslims
  • B) To demand immediate independence from British rule
  • C) To support British in World War II
  • D) To demand the resignation of British officials

Answer: B) To demand immediate independence from British rule
Explanation: The Quit India Movement was launched with the goal of demanding immediate independence from British colonial rule.

• Which of the following was the key slogan used during the Quit India Movement?
  • A) “Inquilab Zindabad”
  • B) “Swaraj is my birthright”
  • C) “Do or Die”
  • D) “Jai Hind”

Answer: C) “Do or Die”
Explanation: The slogan “Do or Die” was coined by Gandhi during the Quit India Movement to inspire Indians to fight for independence with full determination.

• What was the response of the British government to the Quit India Movement?
  • A) They granted immediate independence
  • B) They imposed martial law and arrested leaders
  • C) They promised Dominion status
  • D) They started talks with Congress leaders

Answer: B) They imposed martial law and arrested leaders
Explanation: The British government responded to the Quit India Movement by imposing martial law, arresting key leaders of the Congress, and suppressing protests.

• Which leader was the first to be arrested during the Quit India Movement?
  • A) Jawaharlal Nehru
  • B) Subhas Chandra Bose
  • C) Mahatma Gandhi
  • D) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Answer: C) Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi was among the first leaders to be arrested by the British authorities after the launch of the Quit India Movement.

• Which of the following was a cause of the Quit India Movement?
  • A) The failure of the Cripps Mission
  • B) The success of the Non-Cooperation Movement
  • C) The signing of the Simon Commission report
  • D) The arrival of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

Answer: A) The failure of the Cripps Mission
Explanation: The failure of the Cripps Mission, which offered vague promises of self-governance after World War II, led to widespread disappointment and the launch of the Quit India Movement.

• Who was the leader of the Congress during the Quit India Movement?
  • A) Subhas Chandra Bose
  • B) Jawaharlal Nehru
  • C) Mahatma Gandhi
  • D) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Answer: C) Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi was the leader of the Congress during the Quit India Movement and led the struggle for immediate independence.

• Which major event coincided with the outbreak of the Quit India Movement?
  • A) Japanese invasion of Burma
  • B) The start of World War I
  • C) The formation of the Indian National Army
  • D) The signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact

Answer: A) Japanese invasion of Burma
Explanation: The Japanese invasion of Burma in 1942 and the growing fear of Japanese occupation in India were key factors that led to the launch of the Quit India Movement.

1. What was the effect of the Quit India Movement on British colonial rule?
   1. A) It led to immediate independence for India
   1. B) It significantly weakened British control over India
   1. C) It strengthened British control over India
   1. D) It led to a compromise with the Congress

Answer: B) It significantly weakened British control over India
Explanation: Although the Quit India Movement was suppressed, it showed the British that they could no longer effectively govern India and increased the momentum toward Indian independence.