The Mughal Empire was founded in India by Babur in 1526 after defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. This marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate and the beginning of one of the most significant dynasties in Indian history.
Key Details:
Babur (r. 1526–1530):
Founder of the Mughal Empire.
Introduced gunpowder artillery in Indian warfare.
Authored his autobiography, Baburnama.
First Battle of Panipat (1526):
Fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi.
Babur’s use of artillery and superior tactics led to a decisive victory.
Important Battles:
Battle of Khanwa (1527):
Fought between Babur and Rana Sanga of Mewar.
Babur declared this a “jihad” and used effective military strategies.
Result: Consolidation of Mughal power in North India.
Battle of Chausa (1539):
Fought between Humayun (Babur’s son) and Sher Shah Suri.
Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun, marking a temporary setback for the Mughals.
Second Battle of Panipat (1556):
Fought between Akbar (under the regency of Bairam Khan) and Hemu, the general of the Suri dynasty.
Akbar’s forces won, establishing Mughal dominance in northern India.
Akbar the Great (r. 1556–1605)
Akbar, the grandson of Babur, is considered one of the greatest Mughal rulers.
Key Achievements:
Administrative Reforms:
Introduced the Mansabdari system.
Established an efficient revenue system with the Todar Mal Bandobast.
Religious Policies:
Advocated Sulh-e-Kul (universal tolerance).
Abolished the jizya (tax on non-Muslims).
Founded the Ibadat Khana (House of Worship) at Fatehpur Sikri for interfaith dialogue.
Military Campaigns:
Expanded the empire significantly, including regions like Gujarat, Bengal, and Rajasthan.
Cultural Patronage:
Encouraged Persian and Indian art forms.
Promoted translations of Sanskrit texts into Persian.
Mughal Art and Architecture
The Mughals were known for their grand architectural works and cultural patronage.
Key Contributions:
Babur:
Built gardens like the Ram Bagh in Agra.
Akbar:
Commissioned the construction of Fatehpur Sikri.
Built the Buland Darwaza to commemorate his victory over Gujarat.
Jahangir:
Known for his love of painting and nature.
Shah Jahan:
Built the Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, and Red Fort in Delhi.
Aurangzeb:
Focused on mosques like the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore.
Social Change
The Mughal period saw significant socio-economic changes:
Urbanization:
Growth of cities like Agra, Delhi, and Lahore.
Trade:
Expansion of internal and external trade routes.
Social Harmony:
Akbar’s policies encouraged religious and cultural integration.
Regional Cultures
The Mughals interacted with various regional cultures, influencing local traditions and customs.
Key Points:
Language: Development of Urdu, blending Persian, Arabic, and local languages.
Art Forms: Regional schools of miniature painting, such as the Rajasthan and Pahari styles.
Music: Patronage of musicians like Tansen under Akbar.
Literature: Growth of Persian and vernacular literature.
These events and developments underline the Mughal Empire’s profound impact on Indian history and culture.
80 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with answers and brief explanations on the topics you mentioned:
1.Who was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India?
A) Akbar
B) Humayun
C) Babur
D) Sher Shah Suri
Answer: C) Babur
Explanation: Babur founded the Mughal Empire after the First Battle of Panipat in 1526.
2.In which year was the First Battle of Panipat fought?
A) 1526
B) 1527
C) 1539
D) 1556
Answer: A) 1526
Explanation: Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in this battle, marking the Mughal Empire’s beginning.
3.Who was the opponent of Babur in the Battle of Khanwa?
A) Sher Shah Suri
B) Rana Sanga
C) Hemu
D) Ibrahim Lodi
Answer: B) Rana Sanga
Explanation: The battle was fought in 1527 to secure Babur’s position in North India.
4.Which autobiography was written by Babur?
A) Akbarnama
B) Baburnama
C) Humayunnama
D) Shahjahanama
Answer: B) Baburnama
Explanation: Baburnama is Babur’s autobiography written in Turkish.
5.Which Mughal ruler introduced gunpowder artillery in India?
A) Humayun
B) Babur
C) Akbar
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: B) Babur
Explanation: Babur’s use of gunpowder at Panipat revolutionized Indian warfare.
6.Who was defeated in the First Battle of Panipat?
A) Hemu
B) Ibrahim Lodi
C) Rana Sanga
D) Sher Shah Suri
Answer: B) Ibrahim Lodi
Explanation: The last Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate lost to Babur.
7.Who led Akbar’s army in the Second Battle of Panipat?
A) Bairam Khan
B) Humayun
C) Hemu
D) Todar Mal
Answer: A) Bairam Khan
Explanation: Bairam Khan, Akbar’s regent, played a crucial role in this victory.
8.In which year was the Second Battle of Panipat fought?
A) 1526
B) 1556
C) 1539
D) 1565
Answer: B) 1556
Explanation: Akbar defeated Hemu to re-establish Mughal authority.
9.What was the result of the Battle of Khanwa (1527)?
A) Defeat of Babur
B) Defeat of Rana Sanga
C) Victory of Sher Shah Suri
D) End of Mughal Rule
Answer: B) Defeat of Rana Sanga
Explanation: This secured Babur’s dominance in North India.
10.Sher Shah Suri defeated which Mughal ruler in the Battle of Chausa?
A) Babur
B) Akbar
C) Humayun
D) Jahangir
Answer: C) Humayun
Explanation: This battle in 1539 led to Sher Shah Suri’s establishment of the Suri dynasty.
11.Akbar became emperor in which year?
A) 1526
B) 1539
C) 1556
D) 1605
Answer: C) 1556
Explanation: Akbar succeeded Humayun and became emperor at age 13.
12.What was the name of Akbar’s policy of religious tolerance?
A) Sulh-e-Kul
B) Din-e-Ilahi
C) Mansabdari
D) Jizya
Answer: A) Sulh-e-Kul
Explanation: This policy promoted universal tolerance.
13.What was the system of military and administrative ranks introduced by Akbar?
A) Iqta System
B) Mansabdari System
C) Zamindari System
D) Jagirdari System
Answer: B) Mansabdari System
Explanation: This system organized the empire’s bureaucracy.
14.Which fort was built by Akbar as his capital?
A) Agra Fort
B) Red Fort
C) Fatehpur Sikri
D) Gwalior Fort
Answer: C) Fatehpur Sikri
Explanation: Fatehpur Sikri served as Akbar’s administrative capital.
15.Who among the following was not a Navratna in Akbar’s court?
A) Tansen
B) Todar Mal
C) Birbal
D) Sher Shah Suri
Answer: D) Sher Shah Suri
Explanation: Sher Shah Suri was Akbar’s predecessor and not part of his court.
16.Which Mughal emperor built the Taj Mahal?
A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: C) Shah Jahan
Explanation: The Taj Mahal was built in memory of Mumtaz Mahal.
17.Which Mughal ruler built the Buland Darwaza?
A) Akbar
B) Babur
C) Jahangir
D) Shah Jahan
Answer: A) Akbar
Explanation: The Buland Darwaza commemorates Akbar’s victory in Gujarat.
18.Which is the largest mosque built by the Mughals?
A) Jama Masjid, Delhi
B) Moti Masjid, Agra
C) Badshahi Mosque, Lahore
D) Fatehpur Sikri Mosque
Answer: A) Jama Masjid, Delhi
Explanation: It was built by Shah Jahan.
19.Which Mughal emperor abolished the jizya tax?
A) Babur
B) Akbar
C) Aurangzeb
D) Jahangir
Answer: B) Akbar
Explanation: Jizya was a tax on non-Muslims.
20.Which language emerged as a fusion of Persian and local dialects under Mughal rule?
A) Urdu
B) Hindi
C) Sanskrit
D) Bengali
Answer: A) Urdu
Explanation: Urdu evolved from Persian, Arabic, and local Indian languages.
21.Which river was the site of the Battle of Chausa?
A) Ganga
B) Yamuna
C) Chambal
D) Narmada
Answer: A) Ganga
Explanation: The battle occurred near the Ganga River in 1539.
22.What title did Sher Shah Suri adopt after defeating Humayun?
A) Sultan
B) Emperor
C) Padshah
D) Shahenshah
Answer: C) Padshah
Explanation: This title asserted his sovereignty over India.
23.What was Babur’s original homeland?
A) Persia
B) Ferghana Valley
C) Kabul
D) Samarkand
Answer: B) Ferghana Valley
Explanation: Babur hailed from the Ferghana Valley in Central Asia.
24.Which famous garden in India was laid out by Babur?
A) Shalimar Bagh
B) Nishat Bagh
C) Aram Bagh
D) Charbagh
Answer: D) Charbagh
Explanation: The Charbagh style was introduced by Babur to India.
25.What strategy did Babur use in the First Battle of Panipat?
A) Guerrilla warfare
B) Ambush tactics
C) Tulughma and gunpowder
D) Defensive warfare
Answer: C) Tulughma and gunpowder
Explanation: Babur’s use of Tulughma (encircling maneuvers) and gunpowder was innovative.
26.Who led the Afghan army in the Second Battle of Panipat?
A) Ibrahim Lodi
B) Rana Sanga
C) Hemu
D) Mahmud Lodi
Answer: C) Hemu
Explanation: Hemu was the commander who declared himself king before losing to Akbar.
27.What was the primary reason for the Second Battle of Panipat?
A) Conquest of Gujarat
B) Re-establishment of Mughal power
C) Control over Bengal
D) Religious conflicts
Answer: B) Re-establishment of Mughal power
Explanation: Akbar’s forces fought to regain control after Humayun’s death.
28.What is the significance of the Battle of Khanwa?
A) It was Babur’s first victory in India.
B) It ended the Rajput resistance.
C) It established Humayun as emperor.
D) It was the final battle of Sher Shah Suri.
Answer: B) It ended the Rajput resistance.
Explanation: The defeat of Rana Sanga marked the decline of Rajput dominance.
29.What innovation helped Babur win the Battle of Chausa?
A) Cannons
B) Cavalry
C) Floating bridges
D) None; Babur lost the battle.
Answer: D) None; Babur lost the battle.
Explanation: Babur did not fight at Chausa; this was Humayun’s defeat.
30.Which Mughal emperor is associated with the Din-i-Ilahi?
A) Babur
B) Akbar
C) Jahangir
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: B) Akbar
Explanation: Akbar introduced this religious philosophy to promote unity.
31.Akbar’s court historian, who wrote Akbarnama, was:
A) Todar Mal
B) Tansen
C) Abul Fazl
D) Birbal
Answer: C) Abul Fazl
Explanation: Abul Fazl chronicled Akbar’s reign in the Akbarnama.
32.The revenue system introduced by Akbar was called:
A) Ryotwari
B) Jagirdari
C) Zamindari
D) Dahsala
Answer: D) Dahsala
Explanation: This system calculated average crop production for taxation.
33.Which battle consolidated Akbar’s rule in Gujarat?
A) Battle of Haldighati
B) Battle of Khanwa
C) Battle of Gujarat
D) Siege of Chittor
Answer: A) Battle of Haldighati
Explanation: Akbar defeated Maharana Pratap in this battle.
34.Which Mughal emperor patronized the building of the Peacock Throne?
A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: C) Shah Jahan
Explanation: Shah Jahan commissioned this masterpiece of Mughal art.
35.Which Mughal emperor built Humayun’s Tomb?
A) Akbar
B) Babur
C) Jahangir
D) Humayun’s widow
Answer: A) Akbar
Explanation: Akbar oversaw the construction initiated by Humayun’s widow.
36.Which architectural style is a blend of Persian and Indian elements?
A) Dravidian
B) Indo-Persian
C) Nagara
D) Rajput
Answer: B) Indo-Persian
Explanation: Mughal architecture prominently features this style.
37.Which Mughal monument is also known as the ‘Dream in Marble’?
A) Jama Masjid
B) Taj Mahal
C) Fatehpur Sikri
D) Shalimar Bagh
Answer: B) Taj Mahal
Explanation: The Taj Mahal is often called a “Dream in Marble” due to its beauty.
38.Which Mughal ruler implemented the Mansabdari system?
A) Babur
B) Akbar
C) Jahangir
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: B) Akbar
Explanation: This system regulated ranks and pay in the administration.
39.What was Akbar’s approach towards religion?
A) Religious intolerance
B) Complete secularism
C) Promotion of Islam only
D) Religious tolerance
Answer: D) Religious tolerance
Explanation: Akbar’s Sulh-e-Kul policy supported religious harmony.
40.What was a significant social reform under Akbar?
A) Abolition of Sati
B) Women’s suffrage
C) Education for all
D) Prohibition of child marriage
Answer: A) Abolition of Sati
Explanation: Akbar discouraged the practice of Sati.
41.Which of the following was a significant regional culture that flourished during the Mughal period in India?
A) Maratha
B) Rajput
C) Sikh
D) Dravidian
Answer: B) Rajput
Explanation: Rajput culture was influential, especially under the rule of Akbar, who had matrimonial alliances with Rajput rulers.
42.Which famous poet is associated with the Mughal court during the reign of Akbar?
A) Mirza Ghalib
B) Tulsidas
C) Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana
D) Kabir
Answer: C) Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana
Explanation: He was a prominent poet in Akbar’s court and known for his Hindi and Persian works.
43.The regional culture of Gujarat in the Mughal period was primarily known for:
A) Architecture
B) Handicrafts and textiles
C) Classical music
D) Maritime trade
Answer: B) Handicrafts and textiles
Explanation: Gujarat’s textile industry flourished, with its fabrics being exported globally.
44.Which Mughal emperor is known for promoting the Bengali culture during his reign?
A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: B) Jahangir
Explanation: Jahangir’s reign saw an increase in the influence of Bengali culture, particularly in the arts.
45.Which of the following was a popular regional language during the Mughal period?
A) Sanskrit
B) Persian
C) Urdu
D) Tamil
Answer: C) Urdu
Explanation: Urdu emerged as a significant language blending Persian, Arabic, and Indian vernaculars.
46.During the Mughal period, which region became famous for its miniature paintings?
A) Punjab
B) Deccan
C) Rajasthan
D) Bengal
Answer: C) Rajasthan
Explanation: Rajput miniatures were popular in Rajasthan, blending Persian and local styles.
47.Which city was the cultural and intellectual center of the Mughal empire during Akbar’s reign?
A) Delhi
B) Lahore
C) Agra
D) Fatehpur Sikri
Answer: D) Fatehpur Sikri
Explanation: Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar’s capital, became a hub for scholars, artists, and philosophers.
48.Who was the famous ruler of the Deccan that resisted Mughal annexation attempts?
A) Krishnadevaraya
B) Shivaji
C) Rani Durgavati
D) Bijapur Sultan
Answer: B) Shivaji
Explanation: Shivaji Maharaj established the Maratha Empire and resisted Mughal expansion.
49.What type of architecture is associated with the Mughal regional cultures?
A) Temples
B) Forts and palaces
C) Buddhist stupas
D) Wooden houses
Answer: B) Forts and palaces
Explanation: The Mughals built grand forts and palaces with Persian-inspired architecture.
50.Which region in India was renowned for its contribution to Mughal music?
A) Rajasthan
B) Bengal
C) Kashmir
D) Punjab
Answer: C) Kashmir
Explanation: Kashmir was known for its classical music and poetic traditions during the Mughal era.
51.Which Mughal emperor introduced the ‘Zabt’ system of land revenue?
A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: A) Akbar
Explanation: Akbar implemented the ‘Zabt’ system to efficiently collect taxes from agricultural land.
52.Who was the chief architect behind the Mughal administrative system?
A) Raja Man Singh
B) Todar Mal
C) Abul Fazl
D) Birbal
Answer: B) Todar Mal
Explanation: Todar Mal played a key role in organizing the land revenue system under Akbar.
53.What is the name of the Mughal tax system for trade?
A) Zakat
B) Jizya
C) Customs Duty
D) Tithe
Answer: C) Customs Duty
Explanation: The Mughal Empire had a well-regulated customs system for trade.
54.The ‘Sadiq’ and ‘Sadr’ offices in the Mughal Empire were responsible for:
A) Military recruitment
B) Revenue collection
C) Religious affairs and charity
D) Judicial administration
Answer: C) Religious affairs and charity
Explanation: The Sadiq and Sadr offices were involved in charitable and religious responsibilities.
55.Which Mughal ruler initiated the policy of religious tolerance?
A) Babur
B) Akbar
C) Jahangir
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: B) Akbar
Explanation: Akbar’s Sulh-e-Kul policy promoted tolerance and peaceful coexistence among different religious groups.
56.What was the key feature of the Mughal military system?
A) Use of elephants
B) Use of gunpowder and artillery
C) Heavy cavalry
D) Guerrilla warfare
Answer: B) Use of gunpowder and artillery
Explanation: The Mughals relied heavily on gunpowder, cannons, and other artillery in their military campaigns.
57.Who was the chief architect of the Taj Mahal?
A) Ustad Ahmad Lahauri
B) Mirza Ghiyas Beg
C) Mansur
D) Raja Birbal
Answer: A) Ustad Ahmad Lahauri
Explanation: Ustad Ahmad Lahauri is credited with being the chief architect of the Taj Mahal.
58.Which ruler introduced the ‘Ain-i-Dahsala’ system to regulate land revenue?
A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: A) Akbar
Explanation: Akbar implemented the Dahsala system, standardizing revenue collection based on 10 years’ average crop yields.
59.Under the Mughal rule, the term ‘Mansabdar’ referred to:
A) High-ranking officers
B) Regional governors
C) Military generals
D) Revenue collectors
Answer: A) High-ranking officers
Explanation: Mansabdars were officers with both military and administrative responsibilities in the Mughal empire.
60.Which of the following was NOT a part of Akbar’s administration?
A) Revenue reforms
B) Establishment of a new calendar
C) Expansion of the Mughal military
D) Creation of the Imperial Council
Answer: D) Creation of the Imperial Council
Explanation: While Akbar made several reforms, the creation of an Imperial Council is not typically attributed to him.
61.Which of the following factors contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire?
A) Weak rulers after Aurangzeb
B) Economic prosperity
C) Increase in military spending
D) Centralized administration
Answer: A) Weak rulers after Aurangzeb
Explanation: The weak leadership after Aurangzeb led to instability and the eventual decline of the empire.
62.Which of the following was a significant Mughal contribution to literature?
A) Sanskrit texts
B) Persian poetry
C) Hindi drama
D) Bengali novels
Answer: B) Persian poetry
Explanation: The Mughals, especially during Akbar’s reign, contributed immensely to Persian literature and poetry.
63.Who was the Mughal emperor when the British first established their presence in India?
A) Shah Jahan
B) Akbar
C) Jahangir
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: D) Aurangzeb
Explanation: The British East India Company established its first factory in Surat during Aurangzeb’s reign.
64.What role did the Marathas play in the decline of the Mughal Empire?
A) They helped the Mughals expand their empire.
B) They were strong allies of the Mughals.
C) They contributed to the weakening of Mughal control in the Deccan.
D) They strengthened Mughal military power.
Answer: C) They contributed to the weakening of Mughal control in the Deccan.
Explanation: The Marathas were key in challenging Mughal authority, especially in the Deccan region.
65.Which of the following was a major reason for the Mughal Empire’s decline under Aurangzeb?
A) Centralized administration
B) The expansion of the empire beyond control
C) Increased religious tolerance
D) Economic reforms
Answer: B) The expansion of the empire beyond control
Explanation: Aurangzeb’s expansion stretched the Mughal military and administrative resources too thin.
66.Which Mughal emperor is remembered for constructing the Jama Masjid in Delhi?
A) Babur
B) Akbar
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: C) Shah Jahan
Explanation: Shah Jahan built the Jama Masjid in 1656, one of the largest mosques in India.
67.What was the main economic activity during the Mughal period?
A) Mining
B) Trade and agriculture
C) Shipbuilding
D) Manufacturing weapons
Answer: B) Trade and agriculture
Explanation: Agriculture and trade formed the backbone of the Mughal economy.
68.What was the Mughal Empire’s key revenue source?
A) Silver mines
B) Foreign trade
C) Land revenue
D) Taxes on artisans
Answer: C) Land revenue
Explanation: The primary source of income was land revenue, especially under Akbar’s administration.
69.The Mughal Empire was eventually weakened by the:
A) Sikhs
B) Marathas
C) Portuguese
D) French
Answer: B) Marathas
Explanation: The Marathas rose to power and became a significant force against the Mughals.
70.Which Mughal emperor shifted the capital from Agra to Delhi?
A) Babur
B) Akbar
C) Shah Jahan
D) Jahangir
Answer: C) Shah Jahan
Explanation: Shah Jahan moved the capital to Delhi in 1648, where he constructed the Red Fort.
71.Which Mughal ruler is credited with the building of the Taj Mahal?
A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: C) Shah Jahan
Explanation: Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, which is one of the most iconic monuments in the world.
72.Which Mughal emperor introduced the Din-i Ilahi, a religious policy aimed at combining elements of different religions?
A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: A) Akbar
Explanation: Akbar created Din-i Ilahi, a syncretic religious movement that blended elements of Islam, Hinduism, and other religions.
73.Who among the following was a famous Mughal historian and author of ‘Akbarnama’?
A) Abu’l-Fazl
B) Babur
C) Jahangir
D) Mirza Ghalib
Answer: A) Abu’l-Fazl
Explanation: Abu’l-Fazl wrote the Akbarnama, a detailed account of the reign of Emperor Akbar.
74.The Mughal emperor known for his patronage of arts, particularly miniature painting, was:
A) Babur
B) Akbar
C) Jahangir
D) Shah Jahan
Answer: C) Jahangir
Explanation: Jahangir is renowned for his patronage of arts and for promoting the Mughal school of miniature paintings.
75.The Mughal empire’s decline was further accelerated by which external invasion in the 18th century?
A) The Mongol invasion
B) The British East India Company’s expansion
C) The Persian invasion by Nadir Shah
D) The Portuguese colonization
Answer: C) The Persian invasion by Nadir Shah
Explanation: The invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739 led to the looting of Delhi and weakened Mughal power significantly.
76.Which Mughal emperor expanded the empire to its greatest territorial extent?
A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: D) Aurangzeb
Explanation: Aurangzeb expanded the Mughal Empire to its largest size, including vast parts of southern India.
77.Which of the following Mughal rulers was most closely associated with the policy of religious intolerance?
A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: D) Aurangzeb
Explanation: Aurangzeb is known for his stricter implementation of Islamic law and religious intolerance, including the re-imposition of the jizya tax.
78.Which Mughal ruler is known for having abolished the practice of Sati (the burning of widows)?
A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: A) Akbar
Explanation: Akbar prohibited the practice of Sati and worked towards social reforms during his reign.
79.The famous Red Fort in Delhi was commissioned by which Mughal emperor?
A) Babur
B) Akbar
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
Answer: C) Shah Jahan
Explanation: Shah Jahan commissioned the construction of the Red Fort in Delhi, a symbol of Mughal architectural brilliance.
80.Which of the following was a significant cultural exchange between the Mughal empire and Europe during the reign of Akbar?
A) The arrival of Christian missionaries
B) The trade of silk and spices
C) The exchange of artistic techniques and knowledge
D) The establishment of Portuguese colonial rule in India
Answer: C) The exchange of artistic techniques and knowledge
Explanation: During Akbar’s reign, there was significant cultural exchange with Europe, including the transfer of artistic techniques that influenced Mughal painting.
